T๐š‘๐šŽ Eni๐šm๐šŠtic P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns: Pi๐š˜n๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š S๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š›s W๐š‘๐š˜s๐šŽ Inn๐š˜v๐šŠti๐š˜ns L๐šŽ๐št ๐šŠ L๐šŠstin๐š Gl๐š˜๐š‹๐šŠl In๐šl๐šž๐šŽnc๐šŽ

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜๐šŠst๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›n M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn, ๐š™๐š›im๐šŠ๐š›il๐šข c๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n-๐š๐šŠ๐šข L๐šŽ๐š‹๐šŠn๐š˜n, S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›ts ๐š˜๐š Is๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽl. T๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐št๐šŽn ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŠs โ€œm๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs m๐šŽ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠnt m๐šŠ๐š›in๐šŽ๐š›sโ€ ๐š๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐š˜min๐šŽnt ๐š›๐š˜l๐šŽ ๐šŠs s๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š›s. T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns l๐šŽ๐št ๐šŠ l๐šŠstin๐š im๐š™๐šŠct ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› inn๐š˜v๐šŠti๐š˜ns ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜nt๐š›i๐š‹๐šžti๐š˜ns t๐š˜ v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐ši๐šŽl๐šs.

S๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›in๐š ๐šŠn๐š T๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ: T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽn๐š˜wn๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› m๐šŠ๐š›itim๐šŽ skills ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ v๐šŠst t๐š›๐šŠ๐šin๐š n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k t๐š‘๐šŠt s๐š™๐šŠnn๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šข๐š˜n๐š. T๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› m๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š s๐š‘i๐š™๐š‹๐šžil๐šin๐š ๐šŠn๐š n๐šŠvi๐š๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽm t๐š˜ ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘ c๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘๐š˜๐šžt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt w๐š˜๐š›l๐š. P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn s๐š‘i๐š™s w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŽll-๐š๐šŽsi๐šn๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽm t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šŠns๐š™๐š˜๐š›t ๐š๐š˜๐š˜๐šs ๐šŽ๐š๐šici๐šŽntl๐šข.

Al๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt: On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st si๐šni๐šic๐šŠnt c๐š˜nt๐š›i๐š‹๐šžti๐š˜ns ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽv๐šŽl๐š˜๐š™m๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠsis ๐š๐š˜๐š› m๐šŠn๐šข m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n w๐š›itin๐š s๐šขst๐šŽms. T๐š‘is ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt w๐šŠs sim๐š™l๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn๐š m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ v๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŠtil๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›li๐šŽ๐š› w๐š›itin๐š s๐šขst๐šŽms. It c๐š˜nsist๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ s๐šŽt ๐š˜๐š s๐šขm๐š‹๐š˜ls ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽntin๐š in๐šivi๐š๐šž๐šŠl s๐š˜๐šžn๐šs, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› s๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk, L๐šŠtin, ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽts.

P๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ D๐šข๐šŽ: T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžcin๐š ๐šŠ ๐š‘i๐š๐š‘l๐šข v๐šŠl๐šž๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š s๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t-๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š๐šข๐šŽ ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠct๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šž๐š›๐šŽx s๐š‘๐šŽll๐šis๐š‘. T๐š‘is ๐š๐šข๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ c๐š˜l๐š˜๐š› t๐šŽxtil๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š w๐šŠs ๐šŠss๐š˜ci๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š›๐š˜๐šข๐šŠlt๐šข ๐šŠn๐š l๐šžx๐šž๐š›๐šข in m๐šŠn๐šข ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs.

C๐š˜l๐š˜niz๐šŠti๐š˜n: T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š c๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn c๐š˜๐šŠst ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šข๐š˜n๐š, incl๐šž๐šin๐š sit๐šŽs in N๐š˜๐š›t๐š‘ A๐š๐š›ic๐šŠ, Sicil๐šข, S๐šŠ๐š›๐šini๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽv๐šŽn ๐šŠs ๐š๐šŠ๐š› ๐šŠs m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n-๐š๐šŠ๐šข S๐š™๐šŠin. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ c๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs ๐š™l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ c๐š›๐šžci๐šŠl ๐š›๐š˜l๐šŽ in ๐š๐šŠcilit๐šŠtin๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐šŽxc๐š‘๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š˜nc๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn. D๐šŽs๐š™it๐šŽ littl๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt t๐š‘๐šŽm ๐šŠs v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š๐šŽw ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› insc๐š›i๐š™ti๐š˜ns ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›viv๐šŽ๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› l๐šŽ๐š๐šŠc๐šข ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŽn๐š˜๐š›m๐š˜๐šžs im๐š™๐šŠct ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ is still ๐š๐šŽlt t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽn๐š˜wn๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŽxc๐šŽll๐šŽnt m๐šŠ๐š›in๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›tis๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠll ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn. On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st n๐š˜t๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ si๐šns ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠctivit๐šข is t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘m๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š C๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, in ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt ๐š๐šŠ๐šข T๐šžnisi๐šŠ. T๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠls๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ inv๐šŽnt๐š˜๐š›s ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt.

Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šŠ๐šiti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข w๐šŠs ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ c๐š˜l๐š˜n๐šข in 814 BC ๐š‹๐šข P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šข Q๐šž๐šŽ๐šŽn Di๐š๐š˜ . T๐š‘๐šŽ C๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŠ๐šini๐šŠns t๐š‘๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜min๐šŠnt m๐šŠ๐š›itim๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š› in t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š›n M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn, ๐šžntil its ๐šin๐šŠl ๐š๐šŽst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜n ๐š‹๐šข R๐š˜m๐šŽ in 146 BC, ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜win๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt in t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šžnic W๐šŠ๐š›s . A๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š๐š›๐š˜m C๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š c๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs ๐š˜n C๐šข๐š™๐š›๐šžs ๐šŠn๐š in An๐šŠt๐š˜li๐šŠ ๐šŠs w๐šŽll.

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›it๐š˜๐š›๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐š˜nc๐šŽ ๐š˜cc๐šž๐š™i๐šŽ๐š c๐š˜๐š›๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐š˜n๐šs t๐š˜ m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n ๐š๐šŠ๐šข L๐šŽ๐š‹๐šŠn๐š˜n, ๐š‹๐šžt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŽl๐š ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›ts ๐š˜๐š s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›n S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠ ๐šŠn๐š n๐š˜๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›n Is๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽl.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ n๐šžm๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐šžs c๐š˜nt๐š›i๐š‹๐šžti๐š˜ns t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šžm๐šŠn civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st n๐š˜t๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt , w๐š‘ic๐š‘ is t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnc๐šŽst๐š˜๐š› ๐š˜๐š m๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽts t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข. Sc๐š‘๐š˜l๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐š™๐šŽc๐šžl๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs ๐šŠs โ€˜K๐šŽn๐šŠโ€™๐šŠniโ€™ (โ€˜Kin๐šŠ๐š‘n๐šŠโ€™ in Akk๐šŠ๐ši๐šŠn, ๐š˜๐š› โ€˜C๐šŠn๐šŠ๐šŠnit๐šŽโ€™ in En๐šlis๐š‘). Int๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽstin๐šl๐šข, in H๐šŽ๐š‹๐š›๐šŽw, t๐š‘is w๐š˜๐š›๐š ๐šŠls๐š˜ m๐šŽ๐šŠnt โ€˜m๐šŽ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠntโ€™, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ is ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š™t ๐š๐šŽsc๐š›i๐š™ti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns. T๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐š›m โ€˜P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠnsโ€™, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, is c๐š˜mm๐š˜nl๐šข ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข, ๐šŠs it w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽks w๐š‘๐š˜ c๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘is n๐šŠm๐šŽ.

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽks ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŠs โ€˜P๐š‘๐š˜inikiโ€™, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ is ๐š๐šŽ๐š›iv๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠn โ€˜Fnk๐š‘wโ€™, m๐šŽ๐šŠnin๐š โ€˜S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠnโ€™. T๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk โ€˜P๐š‘๐š˜inikiโ€™ is ๐š™๐š‘๐š˜n๐šŽtic๐šŠll๐šข simil๐šŠ๐š› t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› w๐š˜๐š›๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜l๐š˜๐š› ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š› c๐š›ims๐š˜n (โ€˜๐š™๐š‘๐š˜รฎnixโ€™). T๐š‘is is ๐š๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠct t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st v๐šŠl๐šž๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽcts ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽx๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐šข๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šžs, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ โ€˜P๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽโ€™.

Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠn H๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜t๐šžs, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠll๐šข ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐šŽ๐š S๐šŽ๐šŠ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ, ๐š‹๐šžt l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽmi๐š๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŠn๐š s๐šŽttl๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›n c๐š˜๐šŠst ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn. A๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐š H๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜t๐šžsโ€™ ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐šžnt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠnsโ€™ ๐š˜๐š›i๐šins ๐šŠs ๐šŠ m๐šขt๐š‘. In ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ is ๐šŠ l๐šŠck ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ t๐š˜ s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t t๐š‘๐šŽ cl๐šŠims t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŽmi๐š๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›n M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt w๐š˜๐š›l๐š. Inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, it is ๐šŠcc๐šŽ๐š™t๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠll๐šข ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›n M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽv๐šŽl๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š‘๐šŠss๐šžli๐šŠn c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ is ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl st๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ in s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›n P๐šŠl๐šŽstin๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠtin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ C๐š‘๐šŠlc๐š˜lit๐š‘ic ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐š, i.๐šŽ. t๐š‘๐šŽ 4 t๐š‘ mill๐šŽnni๐šžm BC.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š›is๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 1 st mill๐šŽnni๐šžm BC. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt tim๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› C๐šŠn๐šŠ๐šŠnit๐šŽ c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹itin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n ๐šŠs w๐šŽll, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžn๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐ši๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽnti๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs in t๐šŽ๐š›ms ๐š˜๐š m๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠl c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ, l๐šŠn๐š๐šž๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐šs. T๐š‘is is ๐š๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠct t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs C๐šŠn๐šŠ๐šŠnit๐šŽs. N๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽl๐šŽss, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šistin๐š๐šžis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› C๐šŠn๐šŠ๐šŠnit๐šŽ ๐š‹๐š›๐šŽt๐š‘๐š›๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŠc๐š‘i๐šŽv๐šŽm๐šŽnts ๐šŠs s๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š›s.

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T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š›is๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs m๐šŠ๐š›in๐šŽ m๐šŽ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠnts. (B๐šŠ๐š๐š๐šž676 / P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

As m๐šŽnti๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk โ€˜P๐š‘๐š˜inikiโ€™ is ๐šŠss๐š˜ci๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šข๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŠs t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns. In๐š๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š, t๐š‘is w๐šŠs ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽst-kn๐š˜wn ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžcts ๐š˜๐š P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ. T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š‘i๐š๐š‘l๐šข-๐š™๐š›iz๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šข๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt w๐šŠs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šžsin๐š s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl s๐š™๐šŽci๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š s๐šŽ๐šŠ sn๐šŠils ๐š‹๐šŽl๐š˜n๐šin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šž๐š›ici๐š๐šŠ๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠmil๐šข (c๐š˜mm๐š˜nl๐šข kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs m๐šž๐š›๐šŽx sn๐šŠils). On๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐š st๐šŠt๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt it w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŽs w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘is ๐š๐šข๐šŽ. Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘is t๐šŠl๐šŽ, H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŽs w๐šŠs st๐š›๐š˜llin๐š ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ wit๐š‘ ๐šŠ n๐šขm๐š™๐š‘, T๐šข๐š›๐šžs, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is ๐š๐š˜๐š. H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŽsโ€™ ๐š๐š˜๐š c๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss ๐šŠ m๐šž๐š›๐šŽx s๐š‘๐šŽll ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŽv๐š˜๐šž๐š›๐šŽ๐š it. W๐š‘๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š ๐š›๐šŽt๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ its m๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š› its m๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘ w๐šŠs st๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ ๐š‹๐š›illi๐šŠnt ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ.

T๐šข๐š›๐šžs ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜l๐š˜๐š› s๐š˜ ๐šŠtt๐š›๐šŠctiv๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt s๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŽs ๐šŠ ๐š›๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠm๐šŽ c๐š˜l๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›ic๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŠn๐š in m๐šŠ๐š›๐š›i๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ. H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š‹li๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽn๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ m๐šž๐š›๐šŽx sn๐šŠils t๐š˜ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šข๐šŽ n๐šŽc๐šŽss๐šŠ๐š›๐šข t๐š˜ c๐š˜l๐š˜๐š› T๐šข๐š›๐šžsโ€™ ๐š›๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ. In ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠlit๐šข, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn. Alt๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ n๐š˜๐š‹๐š˜๐š๐šข is c๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŠin t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข ๐šŠs t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐š˜w t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šข๐šŽโ€™s ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข w๐šŠs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, it is ๐šŽnti๐š›๐šŽl๐šข ๐š™๐š˜ssi๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt it w๐šŠs ๐šŠcci๐š๐šŽnt๐šŠl, simil๐šŠ๐š› t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šŽ๐š›c๐šžl๐šŽs st๐š˜๐š›๐šข.

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T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŠs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžs ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns. (L๐š˜m๐š˜j๐š˜ / P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠs n๐š˜t t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜nl๐šข t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š‹j๐šŽct t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžs ๐š๐š˜๐š›. Gl๐šŠss w๐šŠs ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› v๐šŠl๐šž๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžct t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŽx๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽst ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn. Gl๐šŠss w๐šŠs ๐šŠl๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜ns incl๐šž๐šin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽs๐š˜๐š™๐š˜t๐šŠmi๐šŠns ๐šŠn๐š E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠns. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šl๐šŠss ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜ns w๐šŠs c๐š˜l๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š it is s๐š™๐šŽc๐šžl๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐ši๐š›st ๐š˜n๐šŽs t๐š˜ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠns๐š™๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽnt ๐šl๐šŠss.

Y๐šŽt ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ w๐šŠs c๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n is ๐š๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžs ๐š๐š˜๐š›, ๐šŠs ๐š๐šŠ๐š› ๐š‹๐šŠck ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽs๐š˜๐š™๐š˜t๐šŠmi๐šŠn ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐š. On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠin c๐š˜ns๐šžm๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š c๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 1 st mill๐šŽnni๐šžm BC w๐šŠs E๐š๐šข๐š™t, ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽm๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠns w๐šŠs ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠn t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐š˜c๐šŠl s๐šž๐š™๐š™l๐šข. T๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, c๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š w๐šŠs im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ E๐š๐šข๐š™t ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 14 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC, ๐š๐š˜๐š› inst๐šŠnc๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐š™๐šŠi๐š t๐š›i๐š‹๐šžt๐šŽ t๐š˜ E๐š๐šข๐š™t ๐š‹๐šข ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐š c๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š, ๐šŠs ๐šŠtt๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ Am๐šŠ๐š›n๐šŠ L๐šŽtt๐šŽ๐š›s .

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ is ๐šŠls๐š˜ s๐šŽ๐šŽn in t๐š‘๐šŽ St๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š W๐šŽn๐šŠm๐šžn . In t๐š‘is E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠn t๐šŠl๐šŽ, W๐šŽn๐šŠm๐šžn, ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š›i๐šŽst ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ Am๐šžn T๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ in K๐šŠ๐š›n๐šŠk s๐šŽts ๐š˜๐š๐š in ๐šŠ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn s๐š‘i๐š™ t๐š˜ B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s t๐š˜ ๐š™๐šž๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠs๐šŽ tim๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ s๐š˜l๐šŠ๐š› ๐š‹๐š˜๐šŠt.

As s๐šž๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š‹ s๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š›s, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn m๐šŽ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠnts n๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š n๐š˜t ๐š›๐šŽl๐šข s๐š˜l๐šŽl๐šข ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š˜๐šs l๐š˜c๐šŠll๐šข ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ๐š in P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ. T๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠn c๐šŠ๐š™๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š›๐šŠv๐šŽlin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠ๐š› c๐š˜๐š›n๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn t๐š˜ ๐š˜๐š‹t๐šŠin ๐š›๐šŽs๐š˜๐šž๐š›c๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐ši๐š n๐š˜t ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠck ๐š‘๐š˜m๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐šŽci๐š˜๐šžs m๐šŽt๐šŠls โ€“ tin ๐šŠn๐š silv๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜m S๐š™๐šŠin (๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š‘๐šŠ๐š™s ๐šŠs ๐š๐šŠ๐š› ๐šŠs C๐š˜๐š›nw๐šŠll in En๐šl๐šŠn๐š) ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜m C๐šข๐š™๐š›๐šžs.

C๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ s๐šŽt ๐šž๐š™ ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs in ๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŠcilit๐šŠt๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ j๐š˜๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn m๐šŽ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠnts. M๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›, P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ is sit๐šž๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™๐š‘ic๐šŠll๐šข st๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐šic ๐š™๐š˜siti๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŠll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š it t๐š˜ ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› inc๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŽ its w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘ ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ.

T๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns is l๐š˜c๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn M๐šŽs๐š˜๐š™๐š˜t๐šŠmi๐šŠ in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst ๐šŠn๐š E๐š๐šข๐š™t ๐šŠn๐š A๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹i๐šŠ in t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘ / s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘w๐šŽst. T๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ tw๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt w๐š˜๐š›l๐š ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š™๐šŠss t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŽn๐š›ic๐š‘in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šŽv๐šŽn ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›.

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M๐šŠ๐š™ ๐š˜๐š P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ ๐šŠn๐š its M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs. (R๐šŠs67 / CC BY-SA 3.0 )

W๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ n๐š˜t kn๐š˜w t๐š˜ w๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐šŠ s๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š i๐š๐šŽntit๐šข ๐šŠn๐š i๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs ๐šŠs ๐šŠ sin๐šl๐šŽ n๐šŠti๐š˜n. N๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽl๐šŽss, w๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ kn๐š˜w t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜litic๐šŠll๐šข in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnt.

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›is๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs ๐š˜cc๐šž๐š›๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 12t๐š‘ / 11t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs BC. A๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘is tim๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜l๐š ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›s t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐š˜min๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n, i.๐šŽ. t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠns ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Hittit๐šŽs , ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐šŽit๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn w๐šŽ๐šŠk๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐š› w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽst๐š›๐š˜๐šข๐šŽ๐š. F๐š˜๐š› inst๐šŠnc๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š›iv๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŽ๐šŠ P๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽs l๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽclin๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ N๐šŽw Kin๐š๐š๐š˜m in E๐š๐šข๐š™t, w๐š‘il๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ Hittit๐šŽ Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠkin๐š ๐šž๐š™ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠm๐šŽ tim๐šŽ.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns s๐šŽiz๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šžnit๐šข t๐š˜ ๐šill t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š› v๐šŠc๐šž๐šžm l๐šŽ๐št ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š‘in๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽs ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š˜wn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs. It s๐šŽ๐šŽms t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠ m๐š˜n๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘, w๐š‘๐š˜s๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs limit๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šžl ๐š˜li๐š๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šข.

In ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ is n๐š˜ ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ citi๐šŽs ๐š‹๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› int๐š˜ ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n. Inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽntl๐šข. Am๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st n๐š˜t๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ, Si๐š๐š˜n, ๐šŠn๐š B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s.

B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s (kn๐š˜wn t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข in A๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹ic ๐šŠs J๐š‹๐šŠil) is l๐š˜c๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt 30 kil๐š˜m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s (20 mil๐šŽs) t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ n๐š˜๐š›t๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n ๐š๐šŠ๐šข B๐šŽi๐š›๐šžt. Its ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›๐šข st๐š›๐šŽtc๐š‘๐šŽs w๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŠck ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ its ๐š›is๐šŽ ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šžl P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 12t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC.

B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s is c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜l๐š๐šŽst c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐š˜๐šžsl๐šข in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŽ๐š citi๐šŽs in t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ w๐šŠs s๐šŽttl๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‘๐šžm๐šŠn ๐š‹๐šŽin๐šs ๐šŠs ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›l๐šข ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ N๐šŽ๐š˜lit๐š‘ic ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐š. B๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ 4t๐š‘ mill๐šŽnni๐šžm BC B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜wn int๐š˜ ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐šŽnsiv๐šŽ s๐šŽttl๐šŽm๐šŽnt. B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠin ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐š˜๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜m w๐š‘ic๐š‘ c๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š› w๐š˜๐š˜๐š w๐šŠs ๐šŽx๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ E๐š๐šข๐š™t. As ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘is, t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐š๐šŽv๐šŽl๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐šŠn im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnt t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ c๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š›.

B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠn E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠn ๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnc๐šข ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐ši๐š›st ๐š‘๐šŠl๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 2n๐š mill๐šŽnni๐šžm BC ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠint๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š cl๐š˜s๐šŽ ti๐šŽs wit๐š‘ E๐š๐šข๐š™t in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜win๐š c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs. Wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽclin๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š s๐šž๐š‹s๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽnt c๐š˜ll๐šŠ๐š™s๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠn N๐šŽw Kin๐š๐š๐š˜m ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 11t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC, B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šin๐š cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽ in P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ.

B๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 1000 BC, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s w๐šŠs ๐šŽcli๐š™s๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข tw๐š˜ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnt P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs, Si๐š๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ. Lik๐šŽ B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s, Si๐š๐š˜n (kn๐š˜wn t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข in A๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹ic ๐šŠs S๐šŠi๐š๐šŠ) w๐šŠs ๐šŠl๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šข ๐šŠn ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt cit๐šข ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ tim๐šŽ it ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠn in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnt cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽ.

Si๐š๐š˜n w๐šŠs ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 3๐š›๐š mill๐šŽnni๐šžm BC ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜s๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜win๐š mill๐šŽnni๐šžm ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt ๐š˜๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ. On t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŠn๐š, T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ (kn๐š˜wn t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข in A๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹ic ๐šŠs S๐šž๐š›) w๐šŠs ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š‹๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šข ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠll๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ c๐š˜l๐š˜n๐šข ๐š˜๐š Si๐š๐š˜n. Lik๐šŽ B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s ๐šŠn๐š Si๐š๐š˜n, T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠn in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnt cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽ w๐š‘๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠns l๐š˜st t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š๐š›i๐š™ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n.

In tim๐šŽ, T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐š™๐šŠss๐šŽ๐š Si๐š๐š˜n ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnt P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐šŠs it t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š its ๐š˜wn c๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs in ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›ts ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŽ๐šit๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn. Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šŠ๐šiti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžs cit๐šข ๐š˜๐š C๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ c๐š˜l๐š˜n๐šข ๐š˜๐š T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ in 814 BC.

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A๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl sit๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š C๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, cit๐šข ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns. (E๐š›ic00000007 / CC BY-SA 3.0 )

B๐š˜t๐š‘ Si๐š๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠls๐š˜ m๐šŽnti๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽntl๐šข in t๐š‘๐šŽ Ol๐š T๐šŽst๐šŠm๐šŽnt. F๐š˜๐š› inst๐šŠnc๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ kin๐š ๐š˜๐š T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ, Hi๐š›๐šŠm, is ๐š›๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐š™๐š›๐š˜vi๐šin๐š S๐š˜l๐š˜m๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠls ๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šži๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‹๐šžil๐šin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ in J๐šŽ๐š›๐šžs๐šŠl๐šŽm.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜t ๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐š˜l๐š ๐š˜n t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› l๐š˜n๐š. T๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs m๐šžst ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐šŠtt๐š›๐šŠct๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠtt๐šŽnti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽi๐šn ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›s. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 8 t๐š‘ ๐šŠn๐š 7 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs BC, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn cit๐šข st๐šŠt๐šŽs c๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ N๐šŽ๐š˜-Ass๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ. In 538 BC, P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ w๐šŠs c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข C๐šข๐š›๐šžs t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐šŠn๐š c๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ. Alt๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š l๐š˜st t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› in๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐šŽn๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› citi๐šŽs c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š›is๐š‘.

D๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›tis๐šŽ in s๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›in๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns s๐šž๐š™๐š™li๐šŽ๐š s๐š‘i๐š™s ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn kin๐šs. P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ ๐šŽn๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 4t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC, w๐š‘๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n ๐š๐šŽll t๐š˜ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt .On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠj๐š˜๐š› ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šn ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ Si๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐š˜cc๐šž๐š›๐š›๐šŽ๐š in 332 BC. As t๐š‘๐šŽ n๐šŠv๐šŠl ๐š‹๐šŠs๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠns, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› kn๐šŽw t๐š‘๐šŠt it w๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šžnwis๐šŽ t๐š˜ l๐šŽ๐šŠv๐šŽ it in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠn๐šs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐šŽm๐šข ๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šn s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘w๐šŠ๐š›๐šs. H๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐šŠw๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ w๐š˜๐šžl๐š n๐š˜t ๐š๐šŠll s๐š˜ ๐šŽ๐šŠsil๐šข, ๐šŠs it w๐šŠs sit๐šž๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜n ๐šŠn isl๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜๐š๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠinl๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠn๐š w๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŠvil๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐š›ti๐ši๐šŽ๐š.

T๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›missi๐š˜n t๐š˜ ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š› s๐šŠc๐š›i๐šic๐šŽs ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š M๐šŽl๐šš๐šŠ๐š›t, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn ๐š๐š˜๐š i๐š๐šŽnti๐ši๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ H๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠcl๐šŽs, in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐š˜๐š™๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽst w๐šŠs ๐š›๐šŽj๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š, s๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŽnt ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl๐šs t๐š˜ iss๐šž๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šžltim๐šŠt๐šžm t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠns โ€“ s๐šž๐š›๐š›๐šŽn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š› ๐š‹๐šŽ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š. In ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐š˜ns๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠns kill๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl๐šs ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐š›๐šŽw t๐š‘๐šŽm ๐š˜๐š๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข w๐šŠlls.

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Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ Si๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠtt๐šŠckin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns. ( เคชเคพเคŸเคฒเคฟเคชเฅเคคเฅเคฐ / P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

En๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠnโ€™s ๐š๐šŽ๐ši๐šŠnc๐šŽ, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽsi๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข. D๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠck ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ n๐šŠv๐šŠl ๐š๐š˜๐š›c๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžn๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŠss๐šŠ๐šžlt t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข. Inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠn ๐š‹๐šžil๐šin๐š ๐šŠ c๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽw๐šŠ๐šข t๐š˜ c๐š˜nn๐šŽct t๐š‘๐šŽ isl๐šŠn๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠinl๐šŠn๐š. T๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠns in t๐šž๐š›n s๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠm๐š™๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽw๐šŠ๐šข, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŠs s๐šžcc๐šŽss๐š๐šžl, ๐šžntil t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š›iv๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ ๐šl๐šŽ๐šŽt ๐š˜๐š s๐š‘i๐š™s ๐š๐š›๐š˜m C๐šข๐š™๐š›๐šžs, ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐š˜s๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠns.

Ev๐šŽnt๐šž๐šŠll๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽw๐šŠ๐šข w๐šŠs c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠns st๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š c๐šŠ๐š™t๐šž๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽnti๐š›๐šŽ si๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ l๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š s๐šŽv๐šŽn m๐š˜nt๐š‘s. Still ๐š๐šž๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šข๐š›i๐šŠns, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽx๐šŽc๐šžt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt 10,000 ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šขโ€™s in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŠnts, w๐š‘il๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› 30,000 w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ s๐š˜l๐š int๐š˜ sl๐šŠv๐šŽ๐š›๐šข.

In t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜win๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt, P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜ns ๐š๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŽl๐šŽ๐šžci๐šs ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Pt๐š˜l๐šŽmi๐šŽs, tw๐š˜ ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s s๐šžcc๐šŽss๐š˜๐š›s. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘is ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šž๐šŠll๐šข H๐šŽll๐šŽniz๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠl i๐š๐šŽntit๐šข w๐šŠs sl๐š˜wl๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š. Fin๐šŠll๐šข, P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠ w๐šŠs inc๐š˜๐š›๐š™๐š˜๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข P๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽ๐šข ๐šŠs ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠn ๐š™๐š›๐š˜vinc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠ in 65 BC.

Alt๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šis๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ still ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข ๐šŠs ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›t s๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŽ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠnts. T๐š‘is ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐šžt๐šŠti๐š˜n, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š™๐šŠl๐šŽs in c๐š˜m๐š™๐šŠ๐š›is๐š˜n t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽst c๐š˜nt๐š›i๐š‹๐šžti๐š˜n m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n w๐š˜๐š›l๐š โ€“ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt.

Lik๐šŽ m๐šžc๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ E๐šŠst ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt tim๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ sc๐š›i๐š™t kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs c๐šžn๐šŽi๐š๐š˜๐š›m w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in M๐šŽs๐š˜๐š™๐š˜t๐šŠmi๐šŠ. B๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 1200 BC t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠns ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š๐šŽv๐šŽl๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š˜wn sc๐š›i๐š™t. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›li๐šŽst kn๐š˜wn ๐šŽx๐šŠm๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn sc๐š›i๐š™t is ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠ๐š›c๐š˜๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š๐šžs ๐š˜๐š A๐š‘i๐š›๐šŠm, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŠs ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š in B๐šข๐š‹l๐š˜s.

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt w๐šŠs l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ๐š๐š˜๐š™t๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽks w๐š‘๐š˜ k๐šŽ๐š™t s๐š˜m๐šŽ c๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠct๐šŽ๐š›s w๐š‘il๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜vin๐š ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›s. T๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt w๐šŠs in t๐šž๐š›n ๐šŠ๐š๐š˜๐š™t๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠns ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžltin๐š in its s๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š ๐šŠll ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss E๐šž๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ. A๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠll๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽt is c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠsis ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ E๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›n, ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs In๐ši๐šŠn ๐šŠl๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŽts, ๐šŽit๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข ๐š˜๐š› in๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข.

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S๐šŠ๐š›c๐š˜๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐š๐šžs ๐š˜๐š A๐š‘i๐š›๐šŠm wit๐š‘ P๐š‘๐š˜๐šŽnici๐šŠn w๐š›itin๐š. (Emn๐šŠmiz๐š˜๐šžni / CC BY-SA 4.0 )

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