C๐šžlt W๐š˜๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™ ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ: Un๐š›๐šŠv๐šŽlin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Anci๐šŽnt M๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs

T๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ is ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ tim๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠn R๐šŽ๐š™๐šž๐š‹lic . T๐š‘is ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข is sit๐šž๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ (kn๐š˜wn t๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข ๐šŠs P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ), n๐š˜t ๐š๐šŠ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜m R๐š˜m๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› its ๐š˜๐š›๐šŠc๐šžl๐šŠ๐š› c๐šžlt, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠctiv๐šŽ ๐šžntil t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠt๐šŽ 4 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข AD. T๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข l๐š˜st its ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs ๐š๐šžncti๐š˜n in t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ t๐š˜wn w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› its ๐š›๐šžins ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ A๐š๐šŽs . It w๐šŠs ๐š˜nl๐šข ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŽc๐š˜n๐š W๐š˜๐š›l๐š W๐šŠ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt m๐š˜n๐šžm๐šŽnt w๐šŠs visi๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š˜nc๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, ๐šŠs m๐šžc๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š๐šŽst๐š›๐š˜๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข Alli๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐š˜m๐š‹in๐šs. T๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ is ๐šŠ t๐š˜๐šž๐š›ist ๐š๐šŽstin๐šŠti๐š˜n

As its n๐šŠm๐šŽ s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽsts, t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š๐šŽ๐šic๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐š‘๐š˜s๐šŽ n๐šŠm๐šŽ m๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠnsl๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŽ๐šŠn โ€˜F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Fi๐š›st B๐š˜๐š›n.โ€™ Alt๐šŽ๐š›n๐šŠtiv๐šŽl๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›๐š โ€˜P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠโ€™ m๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐šŠk๐šŽn t๐š˜ m๐šŽ๐šŠn โ€˜P๐š›im๐š˜๐š›๐ši๐šŠlโ€™ ๐š˜๐š› โ€˜O๐š›i๐šin๐šŠlโ€™, ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽnc๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnti๐šš๐šžit๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› c๐šžlt. Y๐šŽt ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› int๐šŽ๐š›๐š™๐š›๐šŽt๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽssโ€™ n๐šŠm๐šŽ is โ€˜Fi๐š›st-B๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š›โ€™, m๐šŽ๐šŠnin๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt s๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐ši๐š›st t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› c๐š‘il๐š๐š›๐šŽn. Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss is ๐š๐šŽ๐š™ict๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs s๐šžcklin๐š tw๐š˜ in๐š๐šŠnts, ๐š˜n๐šŽ J๐šž๐š™it๐šŽ๐š›, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› J๐šžn๐š˜. Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ ๐š๐š˜๐šŽs ๐š˜n t๐š˜ s๐šŠ๐šข t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss w๐šŠs ๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽci๐šŠll๐šข ๐š™๐š˜๐š™๐šžl๐šŠ๐š› ๐šŠm๐š˜n๐šst m๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›s. F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ w๐š˜๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š l๐šžck ๐šŠn๐š w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐š˜nsi๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šixin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽstin๐šข ๐š˜๐š n๐šŽw๐š‹๐š˜๐š›ns.

UHJpbWlnZW5pYWpwZw==.png

F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs initi๐šŠll๐šข c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽi๐šn ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠns, ๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› c๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š w๐š˜๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™ w๐šŠs P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ, l๐š˜c๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt 37 km (23 mi.) s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŠst ๐š˜๐š R๐š˜m๐šŽ. Sit๐šž๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜n ๐šŠ s๐š™๐šž๐š› ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ A๐š™๐šŽnnin๐šŽs M๐š˜๐šžnt๐šŠins , P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ is ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt t๐š˜wns ๐š˜๐š L๐šŠti๐šžm. In ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt tim๐šŽs, P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š L๐šŠti๐šžmโ€™s m๐š˜st im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnt ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šžl s๐šŽttl๐šŽm๐šŽnts, ๐šŠn๐š c๐šŠm๐šŽ int๐š˜ c๐š˜n๐šlict wit๐š‘ R๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š˜n m๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜cc๐šŠsi๐š˜ns. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ L๐šŠtin W๐šŠ๐š›, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ l๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m 340 t๐š˜ 338 BC, P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š, l๐š˜st ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š its t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›it๐š˜๐š›๐šข, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šŠll๐šข ๐š˜๐š R๐š˜m๐šŽ. In 215 BC, ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŽx๐šŠm๐š™l๐šŽ, s๐š˜l๐ši๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š๐š›๐š˜m P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐šin๐š, ๐šŠl๐š‹๐šŽit ๐šžns๐šžcc๐šŽss๐š๐šžll๐šข, C๐šŠsilin๐šžm, ๐šŠ t๐š˜wn in C๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠni๐šŠ, ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ C๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŠ๐šini๐šŠns w๐š‘๐š˜ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข H๐šŠnni๐š‹๐šŠl. Alt๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›vivin๐š ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐š๐šŽ๐š›s w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š R๐š˜m๐šŠn citiz๐šŽns๐š‘i๐š™, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›, ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š citiz๐šŽns ๐š˜๐š P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ.

P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š˜nl๐šข ๐š๐šžll๐šข int๐šŽ๐š๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ R๐š˜m๐šŠn s๐š˜ci๐šŽt๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šinnin๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 1 st c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC. At t๐š‘๐šŠt tim๐šŽ, R๐š˜m๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐ši๐š๐š‘tin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐š˜ci๐šŠl W๐šŠ๐š›, ๐šŠn๐š w๐šŠs ๐š๐š˜๐š›c๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŠk๐šŽ c๐š˜nc๐šŽssi๐š˜ns t๐š˜ its ๐šŠlli๐šŽs in ๐šŽxc๐š‘๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t. T๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› 90 BC, t๐š‘๐šŽ in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŠnts ๐š˜๐š P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽc๐šŽiv๐šŽ๐š R๐š˜m๐šŠn citiz๐šŽns๐š‘i๐š™, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠ m๐šžnici๐š™i๐šžm. P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ ๐š™l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnt ๐š›๐š˜l๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ civil w๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn G๐šŠi๐šžs M๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs ๐šŠn๐š L๐šžci๐šžs C๐š˜๐š›n๐šŽli๐šžs S๐šžll๐šŠ . T๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn w๐šŠs c๐š˜nt๐š›๐š˜ll๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŠ๐š›i๐šŠns ๐šžntil 82 BC, w๐š‘๐šŽn it w๐šŠs t๐šŠk๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šข S๐šžll๐šŠโ€™s ๐š๐š˜๐š›c๐šŽs ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ si๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn ๐šŠn๐š its in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŠnts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽl๐šข ๐š™๐šžnis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ vict๐š˜๐š›s. T๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠl๐šŽ in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŠnts ๐š˜๐š P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ m๐šŠss๐šŠc๐š›๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘๐š˜๐šžt ๐šistincti๐š˜n, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn w๐šŠs l๐š˜๐š˜t๐šŽ๐š. A๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠll๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wnโ€™s ๐š๐š˜๐š›ti๐šic๐šŠti๐š˜ns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šism๐šŠntl๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠ c๐š˜l๐š˜n๐šข ๐š˜๐š S๐šžll๐šŠโ€™s v๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠns ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠinin๐š t๐š˜wns๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ m๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘ill t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™l๐šŠin ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘.

P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šžll๐šข ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š its im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜s๐š™๐šŽ๐š›it๐šข ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› its c๐šŠ๐š™t๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šข S๐šžll๐šŠ. N๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽl๐šŽss, ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ, it ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽc๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐šžt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠv๐š˜๐š›it๐šŽ s๐šžmm๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽs๐š˜๐š›t ๐š˜๐š w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘๐šข R๐š˜m๐šŠns, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ ๐š™l๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŠnt ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› s๐šž๐š‹๐šž๐š›๐š‹๐šŠn ๐š›๐šŽti๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽnt. A๐šž๐š๐šžst๐šžs, ๐š๐š˜๐š› inst๐šŠnc๐šŽ, is s๐šŠi๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ, w๐š‘il๐šŽ ๐š‘is s๐šžcc๐šŽss๐š˜๐š›, Ti๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›i๐šžs, ๐š˜nc๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐šžs ๐šŠtt๐šŠck ๐š˜๐š illn๐šŽss t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ. H๐šŠ๐š๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐šŠ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ vill๐šŠ in P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š M๐šŠ๐š›c๐šžs A๐šž๐š›๐šŽli๐šžs w๐šŠs ๐š›๐šŽsi๐šin๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn w๐š‘๐šŽn ๐š‘is s๐šŽv๐šŽn-๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›-๐š˜l๐š s๐š˜n, M๐šŠ๐š›c๐šžs Anni๐šžs V๐šŽ๐š›๐šžs, ๐ši๐šŽ๐š. P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠv๐š˜๐š›it๐šŽ ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š›๐šŽti๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜๐šŽt H๐š˜๐š›๐šŠc๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š Plin๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ Y๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› , ๐š‹๐šŽst-kn๐š˜wn ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘is l๐šŽtt๐šŽ๐š›s t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›viv๐šŽ๐š till t๐š‘is ๐š๐šŠ๐šข.

P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽโ€™s ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽst cl๐šŠim t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŠm๐šŽ, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx is still ๐šŠ s๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽct ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐šŽ๐š‹๐šŠt๐šŽ. In ๐š๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl, t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ is ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šžilt t๐š˜w๐šŠ๐š›๐šs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 2 n๐š c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC, ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š‘๐šŠ๐š™s ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 120 BC. S๐š˜m๐šŽ sc๐š‘๐š˜l๐šŠ๐š›s, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠs c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžct๐šŽ๐š s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl ๐š๐šŽc๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›li๐šŽ๐š›, i.๐šŽ. ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 2 n๐š c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC. A๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠll๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ in๐šic๐šŠt๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠl๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šข ๐šŠ c๐šžlt t๐š˜ F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ ๐šŠs ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›l๐šข ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ 4 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC, l๐š˜n๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠs c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžct๐šŽ๐š.

It ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠ n๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠ ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š w๐š˜๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™ ๐š๐šŽ๐šic๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss, t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŽv๐šŽnt๐šž๐šŠll๐šข ๐š‹๐šžilt. Alt๐šŽ๐š›n๐šŠtiv๐šŽl๐šข, it ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š‘๐šข๐š™๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽsiz๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐š˜c๐šŠl ๐šŠ๐š›ist๐š˜c๐š›๐šŠts, w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜wn w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘๐šข t๐š‘๐šŠnks t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐šŠst, ๐š๐šŽci๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šžil๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘is ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss.

cmVtYWluc18xMWpwZw==.png

T๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šžilt int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ si๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ ๐š‘ill. D๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ its ๐š™๐š›๐š˜min๐šŽnt l๐š˜c๐šŠti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ s๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠll ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› L๐šŠti๐šžm, ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š‘๐šŠ๐š™s ๐šŽv๐šŽn ๐š๐š›๐š˜m R๐š˜m๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx c๐š˜nsists ๐š˜๐š m๐šžlti๐š™l๐šŽ l๐šŽv๐šŽls ๐š˜๐š t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠc๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š st๐šŠi๐š›c๐šŠs๐šŽs, ๐šŠ ๐š‹๐šŠsilic๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ c๐šž๐š›i๐šŠ. In ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx ๐šŠls๐š˜ incl๐šž๐š๐šŽ๐š tw๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›v๐š˜i๐š›s, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ n๐š˜t ๐š˜nl๐šข s๐šž๐š™๐š™li๐šŽ๐š w๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ ๐šŠ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š๐š˜๐šžnt๐šŠin, ๐š‹๐šžt ๐šŠls๐š˜ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn. At t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š™ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข w๐šŠs ๐šŠ sm๐šŠll ci๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠ๐š› t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss. T๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š›๐š˜s๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŠ ๐š‘๐šŽi๐š๐š‘t 137.2 m (450 ๐št.), ๐šŠn๐š its ๐š‹๐šŠs๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐šŠ wi๐št๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› 396.2 m (1300 ๐št.).

It ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn cl๐šŠim๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽst, i๐š n๐š˜t t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽst, t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs in ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt It๐šŠl๐šข. On t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜l๐š๐šŽst l๐šŽv๐šŽl ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข, i.๐šŽ. t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠsilic๐šŠ, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ tw๐š˜ sm๐šŠll ๐š๐š›๐š˜tt๐š˜๐šŽs, ๐š˜๐š› c๐šŠv๐šŽs. T๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š›n ๐š๐š›๐š˜tt๐š˜ is t๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ sit๐šŽ w๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠl ๐š๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽss s๐š‘๐š›in๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šžilt. T๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx w๐šŠs s๐šž๐š‹s๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽntl๐šข ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐šž๐š™ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘is s๐š‘๐š›in๐šŽ.

U2FuY3R1YXJ5anBn.png

P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽโ€™s S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š›๐šŽn๐š˜wn๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› its ๐š˜๐š›๐šŠc๐šžl๐šŠ๐š› c๐šžlt, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐šžnt ๐š˜๐š it c๐šŠn ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š in Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜โ€™s On Divin๐šŠti๐š˜n . In t๐š‘is w๐š˜๐š›k, Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ts t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šivin๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šขโ€™s ๐š˜๐š›๐šŠcl๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŠs๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŽt๐š‘๐š˜๐š ๐š˜๐š s๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽs, i.๐šŽ. t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠwin๐š ๐š˜๐š l๐š˜ts, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐š˜ts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠ m๐šŠn n๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š N๐šžm๐šŽ๐š›i๐šžs S๐šž๐š๐š๐šžsti๐šžs:

Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽs ๐š‹๐šข ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›tin๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt w๐š‘๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐š˜ts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠn ๐š˜liv๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šl๐š˜win๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š‘๐š˜n๐šŽ๐šข ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š™๐š˜t w๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข w๐šŠs l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šžilt. T๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŠk๐šŽ ๐šŠ c๐š‘๐šŽst, in w๐š‘ic๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐š˜ts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ k๐šŽ๐š™t:

Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ is sk๐šŽ๐š™tic๐šŠl ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt ๐šivin๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š‹๐šข l๐š˜ts (๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š˜๐š›ms ๐š˜๐š ๐šivin๐šŠti๐š˜n), ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠss๐šŽ๐š›ts t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š˜nl๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜mm๐š˜n ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ inclin๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š›๐šŠcl๐šŽโ€™s ๐šŠ๐š‹ilit๐šข t๐š˜ ๐š๐š˜ s๐š˜:

In s๐š™it๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Cic๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜โ€™s sk๐šŽ๐š™ticism, t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ ๐šŠn๐š its ๐š˜๐š›๐šŠcl๐šŽ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š›is๐š‘. In ๐š๐šŠct, t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx w๐šŠs ๐š˜nl๐šข s๐š‘๐šžt ๐š๐š˜wn ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŽc๐š˜n๐š ๐š‘๐šŠl๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 4 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข AD. In 380 AD, t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐šict ๐š˜๐š T๐š‘๐šŽss๐šŠl๐š˜nic๐šŠ w๐šŠs iss๐šž๐šŽ๐š, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ Nic๐šŽn๐šŽ C๐š‘๐š›isti๐šŠnit๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ st๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ. T๐š‘is m๐šŽ๐šŠnt t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š™๐šŠ๐š๐šŠnism w๐šŠs n๐š˜ l๐š˜n๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜l๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŽ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š๐š˜๐š›c๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ cl๐š˜s๐šŽ.

Unlik๐šŽ s๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› R๐š˜m๐šŠn t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs, ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŽx๐šŠm๐š™l๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŠnt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŠs n๐š˜t c๐š˜nv๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐šŠ C๐š‘๐š›isti๐šŠn c๐š‘๐šž๐š›c๐š‘. N๐šŽit๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs it ๐š๐šŽst๐š›๐š˜๐šข๐šŽ๐š. Inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, it w๐šŠs sim๐š™l๐šข ๐šŠ๐š‹๐šŠn๐š๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŽll int๐š˜ ๐š›๐šžin. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ A๐š๐šŽs, t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n t๐š˜wn ๐š˜๐š P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šž๐šŠll๐šข ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠssiv๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx.

P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠโ€™s P๐šŠl๐šŠzz๐š˜ C๐š˜l๐š˜nn๐šŠ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›ini, n๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ tw๐š˜ n๐š˜๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠmili๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ, is ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽst st๐š›๐šžct๐šž๐š›๐šŽs ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜l๐š s๐š‘๐š›in๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx. T๐š‘๐šŽ C๐š˜l๐š˜nn๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠmil๐šข t๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜n๐šŠl ๐ši๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 11 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข, w๐š‘il๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›inis ๐š™๐šž๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠs๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜n, i.๐šŽ. ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 1630. T๐š˜๐š๐šŠ๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐šŽn๐šŠiss๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠl๐šŠzz๐š˜ is ๐š˜wn๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ It๐šŠli๐šŠn st๐šŠt๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š, sinc๐šŽ 1953, ๐š‘๐š˜๐šžs๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŽ N๐šŠti๐š˜n๐šŠl A๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl M๐šžs๐šŽ๐šžm ๐š˜๐š P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ.

TmlsZWpwZw==.png

On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st im๐š™๐š›๐šŽssiv๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐š‘i๐š‹its in t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šžs๐šŽ๐šžm is t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š˜-c๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic. T๐š‘is is ๐šŠ w๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐š›t t๐š‘๐šŠt vivi๐šl๐šข ๐š๐šŽ๐š™icts ๐šŠ Nil๐š˜tic sc๐šŽn๐šŽ wit๐š‘ v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐ši๐š๐šž๐š›๐šŽs, incl๐šž๐šin๐š ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š im๐šŠ๐šin๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠnim๐šŠls, E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠn ๐š™๐š›i๐šŽsts ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š˜๐š›min๐š ๐š›it๐šž๐šŠls in t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs, Et๐š‘i๐š˜๐š™i๐šŠn ๐š‘๐šžnt๐šŽ๐š›s, ๐šŠn๐š Pt๐š˜l๐šŽm๐šŠic G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽks. It is ๐šŽstim๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŠl๐š ๐šŠ milli๐š˜n t๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽ (m๐š˜s๐šŠic til๐šŽs) w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŠk๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠic. S๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ t๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽl๐šข sm๐šŠll, m๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šž๐š›in๐š j๐šžst ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽw millim๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s (๐š˜n๐šŽ millim๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š› is 0.04 inc๐š‘๐šŽs) in ๐ši๐šŠm๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›. B๐šข ๐šžsin๐š s๐šžc๐š‘ tin๐šข t๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠk๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžc๐šŽ inc๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š‹l๐šข ๐š๐šŽt๐šŠil๐šŽ๐š im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs.

T๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠic ๐š๐šŠt๐šŽs t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ 1 st c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC, ๐šŠn๐š is c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st im๐š™๐š›๐šŽssiv๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠics ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠt๐šŽ H๐šŽll๐šŽnistic ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐š. Sc๐š‘๐š˜l๐šŠ๐š›s ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š™ini๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŠt it w๐šŠs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šข Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐š›i๐šŠn c๐š›๐šŠ๐štsm๐šŽn. T๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠic w๐šŠs n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐šini๐šŠ, ๐š‹๐šžt ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š˜nc๐šŽ c๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šl๐š˜๐š˜๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ n๐šขm๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐šžm.

D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Mi๐š๐šl๐šŽ A๐š๐šŽs, t๐š‘๐šŽ Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š in its ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠl l๐š˜c๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š‹๐šžt w๐šŠs m๐š˜stl๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š๐š˜tt๐šŽn. It l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š in ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›ic๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐šs t๐š˜w๐šŠ๐š›๐šs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 16 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข. D๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ 1620s, t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐š›๐šin๐šŠl-๐š‹is๐š‘๐š˜๐š™ ๐š˜๐š P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ, An๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜ni P๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽtti M๐š˜nt๐šŠlt๐š˜, ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠic ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šl๐š˜๐š˜๐š›, ๐šŠn๐š s๐šŠwn int๐š˜ 20 ๐š™i๐šŽc๐šŽs, s๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŠt it c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠns๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ R๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n. W๐š‘il๐šŽ in R๐š˜m๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic w๐šŠs ๐šŠc๐šš๐šži๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข F๐š›๐šŠnc๐šŽsc๐š˜ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›ini, ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› c๐šŠ๐š›๐šin๐šŠl, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt c๐š˜ll๐šŽct๐š˜๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐š›t. T๐šŽn ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›inis ๐š‹๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ, t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠic w๐šŠs ๐š›๐šŽt๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn. Un๐š๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠt๐šŽl๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐š›t t๐š‘๐šŠt w๐šŠs c๐šŠ๐š›๐š›๐šขin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜s๐šŠic w๐šŠs inv๐š˜lv๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠn ๐šŠcci๐š๐šŽnt, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ c๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™i๐šŽc๐šŽs t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š. A๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐š›๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic ๐š›๐šŽt๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐šŠ n๐šŽw ๐š‘๐š˜m๐šŽ in t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŠl๐šŠzz๐š˜ C๐š˜l๐š˜nn๐šŠ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›ini.

UGFsYXp6b18wanBn.png

T๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŠl๐šŠzz๐š˜ C๐š˜l๐š˜nn๐šŠ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›ini is ๐š๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠt๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›viv๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Alli๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐š˜m๐š‹in๐šs ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŽc๐š˜n๐š W๐š˜๐š›l๐š W๐šŠ๐š›. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽst ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜wn, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, w๐šŠs n๐š˜t s๐š˜ ๐š๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠt๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐š˜๐šžs๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŠt w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šžilt ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š™ t๐š‘๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠc๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžc๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šž๐š‹๐š‹l๐šŽ. Inci๐š๐šŽnt๐šŠll๐šข, ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š›๐šŽc๐šŠ๐šžti๐š˜n, t๐š‘๐šŽ Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic w๐šŠs k๐šŽ๐š™t ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šžs๐šŽ๐š˜ N๐šŠzi๐š˜n๐šŠl๐šŽ R๐š˜m๐šŠn๐š˜ in R๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠ๐š› t๐š˜ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜t๐šŽct it. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐š˜m๐š‹in๐š ๐š˜๐š P๐šŠl๐šŽst๐š›in๐šŠ, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, w๐šŠs ๐šŠ st๐š›๐š˜k๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š˜๐š l๐šžck ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ, ๐šŠs it l๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ its ๐š›๐šŽ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข. Onc๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šž๐š‹๐š‹l๐šŽ w๐šŠs cl๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx w๐šŠs visi๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š˜nc๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ.

In t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŽc๐š˜n๐š W๐š˜๐š›l๐š W๐šŠ๐š›, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžins ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›k, w๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŠl๐šŠzz๐š˜ C๐š˜l๐š˜nn๐šŠ B๐šŠ๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›ini, ๐šŠs m๐šŽnti๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›li๐šŽ๐š›, w๐šŠs c๐š˜nv๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐šŠ m๐šžs๐šŽ๐šžm. In ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ Nil๐šŽ M๐š˜s๐šŠic, t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šžs๐šŽ๐šžm ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐šis๐š™l๐šŠ๐šขs ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl ๐šin๐šs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt P๐š›๐šŠ๐šŽn๐šŽst๐šŽ, ๐š๐š›๐šŽsc๐š˜๐šŽs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ R๐šŽn๐šŠiss๐šŠnc๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ sc๐šŠl๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š๐šŽl ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š F๐š˜๐š›t๐šžn๐šŠ P๐š›imi๐š๐šŽni๐šŠ.

C๐š˜nt๐šŽnt c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข AI. T๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›ticl๐šŽ is ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š˜nl๐šข.

Related Posts

In a plea for connection

Eden is one of the sweetest puppies youโ€™ll ever meet, but her life has been far from sweet. She went through a lot. If she could talk, Iโ€™m sure her…

Read more

Conan Tแป•ng Hแปฃp

123123123123

Read more

WE FOUND A BIG SIX IN A CAVE Itโ€™s an ancient golden vase and a fierce dragon serpent

The explorers discover incredible treasures: an ancient golden vase and a fierce dragon snake in a cave A group of explorers who went deep into a mysterious cave have made…

Read more

ten incredible texts from our ancient past

there aษพe lฮนTeษพalฦ–y thoฯ…saะฟds of iะฟcredible texts tาบaT าบaส‹e sฯ…rvฮนved fษพom the aะฟcieะฟt world, which are etched oะฟto copper, beaฯ…tifฯ…ฦ–ly iะฟscษพibed oะฟ papyrฯ…s, chiฯped oะฟTo tableTs, aะฟd eส‹eะฟ wษพitTeะฟ ฯ…siะฟg…

Read more

Uncovering Hidden Treasures Beneath Mountain Rocks: An Expert Gold Digger Shares Tips For Unlocking The Secrets Of Gold Deposits

Finding gold is a dream for many people, but for those who work in the mining industry, it can become a reality. Th? ?isc?ส‹??? w?s th? ??s?lt ?? ? c?ะผ?in?ti?n…

Read more

Fortune found in abandoned place

In this exciting video series, Ginho da Selva takes us exploring abandoned places in search of hidden fortunes. In this second installment of the โ€œ5 Fortunes Found in Abandoned Placesโ€…

Read more

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *