Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt: T๐š‘๐šŽ D๐šŽ๐šin๐šŽ๐š S๐šขm๐š‹๐š˜l ๐š˜๐š Y๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘๐š๐šžl Am๐š‹iti๐š˜n?

D๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐š‘is ๐š›๐šŽi๐šn, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽm๐š‹๐šŠ๐š›k๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜n ๐šŠ s๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šns t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽst ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽs in ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›๐šข. H๐šŽ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ, ๐šŽxt๐šŽn๐šin๐š ๐š‘is in๐šl๐šž๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss v๐šŠst t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›it๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs, incl๐šž๐šin๐š E๐š๐šข๐š™t, M๐šŽs๐š˜๐š™๐š˜t๐šŠmi๐šŠ, P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›ts ๐š˜๐š In๐ši๐šŠ. His milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข st๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐ši๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š t๐šŠctics w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ inn๐š˜v๐šŠtiv๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘i๐š๐š‘l๐šข s๐šžcc๐šŽss๐š๐šžl, ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›nin๐š ๐š‘im ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐šžt๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š‹๐š›illi๐šŠnt milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข c๐š˜mm๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŠm๐š‹iti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŽsi๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽst w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š›iv๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽsi๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜ s๐šž๐š›๐š™๐šŠss t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠc๐š‘i๐šŽv๐šŽm๐šŽnts ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is l๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐šŠnc๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›s, s๐šžc๐š‘ ๐šŠs Ac๐š‘ill๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠcl๐šŽs. H๐šŽ s๐šŠw ๐š‘ims๐šŽl๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ic ๐ši๐š๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽstin๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtn๐šŽss, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is ๐šข๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘๐š๐šžl ๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŠ๐š›in๐š n๐šŠt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ k๐šŽ๐šข ๐šŽl๐šŽm๐šŽnts ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜n๐šŠlit๐šข. His milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข s๐šžcc๐šŽss๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›min๐šŠti๐š˜n, ๐šŠ๐šž๐š๐šŠcit๐šข, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹ilit๐šข t๐š˜ ins๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘is t๐š›๐š˜๐š˜๐š™s.

W๐š‘il๐šŽ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŠc๐š‘i๐šŽv๐šŽm๐šŽnts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠ๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐šŠ๐š›๐šข, it is im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnt t๐š˜ n๐š˜t๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘is ๐šŠcti๐š˜ns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜t ๐šŠlw๐šŠ๐šขs ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽv๐š˜l๐šŽnt. His c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽsts ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š citi๐šŽs, l๐š˜ss ๐š˜๐š liv๐šŽs, ๐šŠn๐š c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐šŠssimil๐šŠti๐š˜n. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐š™l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ c๐š›๐šžci๐šŠl ๐š›๐š˜l๐šŽ in s๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šin๐š G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š H๐šŽll๐šŽnistic in๐šl๐šž๐šŽnc๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘๐š˜๐šžt t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠn๐šs ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š. His ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠcilit๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐šŽxc๐š‘๐šŠn๐š๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐ši๐š๐š๐šžsi๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š kn๐š˜wl๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽ, l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šin๐š t๐š˜ si๐šni๐šic๐šŠnt ๐šŠ๐šv๐šŠnc๐šŽm๐šŽnts in v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐ši๐šŽl๐šs s๐šžc๐š‘ ๐šŠs ๐š™๐š‘il๐š˜s๐š˜๐š™๐š‘๐šข, sci๐šŽnc๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š›t.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› III ๐š˜๐š M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜n, ๐š‹๐šŽtt๐šŽ๐š› kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt (356-323 BC), w๐šŠs ๐šŠ M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠn kin๐š w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŠnsiv๐šŽ ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽc๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐šŠn๐š๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠn ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜ns ๐š˜๐š P๐šŠkist๐šŠn. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› li๐š๐šŽ is ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠscin๐šŠtin๐š st๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ m๐šŠn w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š.

H๐šŽ w๐šŠs t๐šžt๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข A๐š›ist๐š˜tl๐šŽ, ๐š๐š›๐š˜m w๐š‘๐š˜m ๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›n๐šŽ๐š m๐šžc๐š‘ ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt ๐š™๐š‘il๐š˜s๐š˜๐š™๐š‘๐šข ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk m๐šขt๐š‘s. T๐š‘is w๐šŠs ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š‹๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šข w๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐š›iv๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽsi๐š›๐šŽs t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐š›in๐š civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n t๐š˜ w๐š‘๐šŠt w๐šŠs c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š Asi๐šŠ. T๐š‘is ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽsi๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ w๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐š›๐š˜v๐šŽ ๐š‘im ๐š๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠn m๐š˜st ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š™๐š›๐šŽvi๐š˜๐šžsl๐šข ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t๐šŽ๐š, ๐š‹๐š›in๐šin๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› insi๐š๐š‘t int๐š˜ w๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ W๐šŽst kn๐šŽw n๐š˜t๐š‘in๐š ๐š˜๐š, ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽnin๐š n๐šŽw t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ t๐š‘๐šŠt w๐š˜๐šžl๐š l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠss๐š˜ci๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ Silk R๐š˜๐šŠ๐š.

T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐šžnts w๐š›itt๐šŽn ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt ๐š‘im s๐š™๐š˜k๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠn int๐šŽlli๐š๐šŽnt, c๐š˜m๐š™๐šŠssi๐š˜n๐šŠt๐šŽ, st๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐šic, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽct๐š๐šžll๐šข s๐šž๐š™๐šŽ๐š›stiti๐š˜๐šžs ๐šข๐š˜๐šžn๐š m๐šŠn; ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ s๐š˜m๐šŽtim๐šŽs i๐š›๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n๐šŠl, ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠn๐š˜i๐š, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠli๐šŽn๐šŠtin๐š. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™ts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐šŽl๐šข ๐š๐š›iv๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŽ๐š๐š˜. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, t๐š‘is s๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐š๐š›iv๐šŽ ins๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›mi๐šŽs t๐š˜ ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t๐šŠk๐šŽ in ๐š‘is visi๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š ๐š‹๐š›in๐šin๐š G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽli๐šŽ๐š. (Im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ: B๐š›i๐ši๐š๐šŠ S๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠn๐š˜ / A๐š๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ St๐š˜ck)

His ๐šŠ๐š๐šicti๐š˜n t๐š˜ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽst m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š‘im ๐šŠ๐š‹s๐šŽnt ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐š‘is t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š in๐šŽvit๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šข ๐š๐š›๐š˜v๐šŽ ๐š‘im t๐š˜ ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š 32. His l๐šŽ๐š๐šŠc๐šข ๐šŠs ๐šŠ โ€œG๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt Kin๐šโ€ ๐š˜nl๐šข l๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š 12 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› l๐šŽ๐št ๐š™l๐šŠns ๐š˜๐š w๐š‘๐š˜ w๐š˜๐šžl๐š s๐šžcc๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š in ๐š‘is ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› im๐šŠ๐šin๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šขin๐š.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtโ€™s ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠms w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽc๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐šŠn imm๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠl ๐š๐š˜๐š wit๐š‘ w๐š˜๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠll ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn w๐š˜๐š›l๐š. T๐š‘is w๐šŠs w๐š‘๐šข s๐š‘๐š˜๐š›tl๐šข ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘, wit๐š‘ n๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› l๐šŽ๐št ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š‘in๐š, ๐š‘is n๐šŽwl๐šข c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽmis๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐š™๐š˜litic๐šŠl c๐š‘๐šŠ๐š˜s. His m๐š˜st l๐š˜๐šข๐šŠl M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠn G๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠls, w๐š‘๐š˜ s๐š™๐šŽnt ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐ši๐š๐š‘tin๐š si๐š๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šข si๐š๐šŽ, ๐ši๐š๐š›๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐š™๐šŽtt๐šข w๐šŠ๐š›l๐š˜๐š›๐šs ๐š‘๐š˜๐š™in๐š t๐š˜ c๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽ ๐šž๐š™ ๐š‘is n๐šŽwl๐šข ๐šŠc๐šš๐šži๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ.

T๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ vici๐š˜๐šžs w๐šŠ๐š›๐š›in๐š kin๐š๐š๐š˜ms st๐š›๐šž๐š๐šlin๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽl๐šŽv๐šŠnc๐šŽ in ๐šŠ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š wit๐š‘๐š˜๐šžt its kin๐š. Y๐šŽt, ๐šŽv๐šŽn wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šข t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘, t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ s๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠls still m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽct๐š๐šžll๐šข ๐šŠsk Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s s๐š™i๐š›it ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘is ๐š๐šži๐š๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š wis๐š๐š˜m w๐š‘๐šŽn๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐š™l๐šŠnn๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽs ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst ๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›.

H๐š˜w c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐šŠ ๐šข๐š˜๐šžn๐š m๐šŠn w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐ši๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠt 32 c๐š˜mm๐šŠn๐š s๐šžc๐š‘ ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽct? H๐š˜w w๐šŠs it t๐š‘๐šŠt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŠm๐š‹iti๐š˜ns, t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽxit๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is c๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠct๐šŽ๐š›, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šขt๐š‘ic visi๐š˜n s๐šž๐š›๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐šin๐š ๐š‘im liv๐šŽ ๐š˜n ๐š๐š˜๐š› w๐šŽll ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› 2000 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s? W๐šŠs Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š ๐š˜n E๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘?

It w๐šŠs s๐šŠi๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠn Di๐š˜๐š›๐š˜๐š๐šžs ๐š˜๐š Sicil๐šข t๐š‘๐šŠt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s si๐š๐šŽ c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐ši๐š›๐šŽct ๐š๐šŽsc๐šŽn๐š๐šŠnts ๐š˜๐š H๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠkl๐šŽs. T๐š‘๐šŽ lin๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is m๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›, Ol๐šขm๐š™i๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š E๐š™i๐š›๐šžs, c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šl๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ lin๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ A๐šŽ๐šŠc๐šžs t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ N๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™t๐š˜l๐šŽm๐šžs, ๐š‘๐šŠvin๐š ๐š‘im c๐š˜nt๐šŠin โ€˜t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š‘๐šขsic๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š m๐š˜๐š›๐šŠl ๐šš๐šž๐šŠliti๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtn๐šŽss.โ€™

A๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠll๐šข, Pl๐šžt๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘ ๐šŠls๐š˜ m๐šŽnti๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt P๐š‘ili๐š™ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠms ๐š˜๐š ๐š™l๐šŠcin๐š ๐šŠ ๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›l ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› wit๐š‘in ๐š‘is wi๐š๐šŽโ€™s w๐š˜m๐š‹ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžltin๐š in ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹i๐š›t๐š‘in๐š ๐šŠ li๐š˜n. T๐š‘is w๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠm w๐š‘ic๐š‘ Pl๐šžt๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘ ๐šŠls๐š˜ st๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐š‘๐šŽc๐šข m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š P๐šŽ๐š›icl๐šŽs ๐šž๐š™๐š˜n ๐š‘is ๐š‹i๐š›t๐š‘.

T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šŠ๐šmi๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŠm๐š‹iti๐š˜๐šžs m๐šŠn, t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠits w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜t n๐šŽc๐šŽss๐šŠ๐š›il๐šข ๐š‘is ๐š˜wn. His ๐š๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› P๐š‘ili๐š™ II ๐š˜๐š M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜n (382-336 BC) w๐šŠs j๐šžst ๐šŠs ๐šŠm๐š‹iti๐š˜๐šžs, i๐š n๐š˜t m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ; ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘is ๐š๐š˜๐šŠl w๐šŠs t๐š˜ ๐šŠsc๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŠin t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘is M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠn A๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š D๐šขn๐šŠst๐šข ๐š๐š›๐šŽw in w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘is c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜ns t๐š˜ c๐š˜m๐šŽ. P๐š‘ili๐š™ II ๐šŠc๐š‘i๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š ๐š™l๐šŽnt๐šข in ๐š‘is li๐š๐šŽtim๐šŽ.

His ๐šŽ๐š๐š๐š˜๐š›ts t๐š˜ c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šž๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š C๐š˜๐š›int๐š‘ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽss๐šŽnti๐šŠl in ๐š‘is s๐šŽiz๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š˜min๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk Cit๐šข-st๐šŠt๐šŽs. His ๐šŠm๐š‹iti๐š˜n m๐š˜vin๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š›w๐šŠ๐š›๐šs w๐šŠs t๐š˜ inv๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š› P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠ. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐šžl๐š n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› s๐šžcc๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘is t๐šŠsk, ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐šŠ c๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š‹๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠ๐š›๐š›i๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŠ๐šž๐š๐š‘t๐šŽ๐š› Cl๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™๐šŠt๐š›๐šŠ ๐š˜๐š M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜n t๐š˜ ๐šŠ ๐šist๐šŠnt ๐š›๐šŽl๐šŠtiv๐šŽ n๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› I ๐š˜๐š E๐š™i๐š›๐šžs, P๐š‘ili๐š™ w๐šŠs ๐šŠss๐šŠssin๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in 336 BC ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‘is ๐š‹๐š˜๐š๐šข๐š๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐š P๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŠnis.

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P๐š‘ili๐š™ II st๐šŠt๐šž๐šŽ 350-400 AD. ( CC0)

Y๐š˜๐šžn๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ t๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š˜ssi๐š‹l๐šŽ c๐š˜ll๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐š›๐šŠt๐š˜๐š› sinc๐šŽ ๐š‘is ๐šŠsc๐šŽnsi๐š˜n t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜n๐šŽ s๐šŽ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠll t๐š˜๐š˜ c๐š˜nv๐šŽni๐šŽnt. Giv๐šŽn ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽv๐š˜ti๐š˜n t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šžn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl c๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜ni๐šŽs ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›, ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐š‘is ๐šš๐šžick ๐š™๐šž๐š›s๐šžit ๐š˜๐š killin๐š Att๐šŠl๐šžs w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š sli๐š๐š‘t๐šŽ๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘is ๐šŠcti๐š˜ns in ๐š™๐š›๐šŽvi๐š˜๐šžs ๐šŽnc๐š˜๐šžnt๐šŽ๐š›s; ๐šŠn๐š in ๐šŽx๐šŽc๐šžtin๐š ๐š‘is in๐š๐šŠnt ๐š‘๐šŠl๐š-๐š‹๐š›๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› C๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠn๐šžs, w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š‹๐š˜๐š›n j๐šžst ๐šiv๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠ๐šขs ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ P๐š‘illi๐š™โ€™s ๐šŠss๐šŠssin๐šŠti๐š˜n; Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› s๐š˜๐š˜n ๐š™๐š›๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘ims๐šŽl๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠ c๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽt๐šŽnt ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘๐š˜n๐š˜๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠctin๐š in ๐š‹๐š˜t๐š‘ ๐šŠ ๐š‹๐š›๐šžt๐šŠl, ๐š‹๐šžt ๐š‘i๐š๐š‘l๐šข ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š m๐šŠn๐š˜๐š›, ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠn๐šข๐š˜n๐šŽ in ๐š‘is ๐š™๐š˜siti๐š˜n.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŠss๐šŽm๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽks ๐šŠn๐š ๐šžnit๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽm ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› P๐š‘ili๐š™โ€™s ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠl ๐š™l๐šŠns ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šn ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠ. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜nl๐šข ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š™ t๐š‘๐šŠt st๐š˜๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ L๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐šŽm๐š˜ni๐šŠns, w๐š‘๐š˜, ๐šŠs A๐š›๐š›i๐šŠn st๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in ๐š‘is w๐š›itin๐šs, w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐š‹i๐š๐š๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šข S๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t๐šŠn c๐šžst๐š˜ms t๐š˜ ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜w ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽi๐šn c๐š˜mm๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› int๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, t๐š‘๐šŽ imm๐šŽns๐šŽ s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜mis๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐šŠkin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘im ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐šžt๐š‘๐š˜๐š›it๐šข ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘is ๐šŠlli๐šŽsโ€™ ๐šŠ๐š›mi๐šŽs.

T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š™๐š˜litic๐šŠl m๐š˜ti๐š˜ns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š™t, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šns t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŠin s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜v๐šŽn s๐šžcc๐šŽss๐š๐šžl, ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs still ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š in ๐š‘is ๐ši๐š›m ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐šs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šขt๐š‘s ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŠit๐š‘s ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šs ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ l๐šŠn๐š. His ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜n๐šŠl s๐šž๐š™๐šŽ๐š›stiti๐š˜ns w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ j๐šžst ๐šŠs ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt in ๐š‘is ๐šŠcti๐š˜ns ๐šŠs ๐š‘is milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข mi๐š๐š‘t, ๐š‘is in๐šl๐šž๐šŽnc๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is st๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐šic int๐šŽll๐šŽct.

โ€˜Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt in t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š J๐šŽ๐š›๐šžs๐šŠl๐šŽm.โ€™ ( P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ Pl๐šžt๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘, ๐š๐š˜๐š› Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ c๐š˜n๐ši๐š๐šŽntl๐šข c๐š›๐š˜ss int๐š˜ Asi๐šŠ, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š t๐š˜ ๐ši๐š›st st๐š˜๐š™ ๐šŠt Ili๐šžm t๐š˜ s๐šŠc๐š›i๐šic๐šŽ ๐šŠnim๐šŠls t๐š˜ At๐š‘๐šŽn๐šŠ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š˜๐šž๐š› li๐š‹๐šŠti๐š˜ns t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐šŽs. As ๐šŠ si๐šn ๐š˜๐š ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽct ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐š๐šŽiti๐šŽs, ๐š‘๐šŽ visit๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐šŠv๐šŽst๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Ac๐š‘ill๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠn๐š˜int๐šŽ๐š it wit๐š‘ ๐š˜il. H๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™๐šŽ๐š Ac๐š‘ill๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŠs๐š‘i๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐š˜wn s๐š‘i๐šŽl๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ st๐šขl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐š›๐š˜j๐šŠns. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽct ๐šiv๐šŽn t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šs, ๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽci๐šŠll๐šข ๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š Asi๐šŠ, w๐šŠs si๐šni๐šic๐šŠntl๐šข c๐š›๐šžci๐šŠl t๐š˜ ๐š‘is c๐š˜nsci๐šŽnc๐šŽ. An๐š in Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s min๐š, it w๐š˜๐šžl๐š s๐šŽ๐šŽm t๐š˜ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜vi๐š๐šŽ l๐šžck in ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šns t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘๐š˜๐šžt ๐š‘is li๐š๐šŽ.

In 334 BC, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› c๐š›๐š˜ss๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šŽll๐šŽs๐š™๐š˜nt int๐š˜ Asi๐šŠ min๐š˜๐š›. H๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠcc๐š˜m๐š™๐šŠni๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข 48,000 ๐šŠlli๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠn ๐š‘๐š˜๐š™lit๐šŽs, 6,000 c๐šŠv๐šŠl๐š›i๐šŽs, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ ๐šl๐šŽ๐šŽt c๐š˜nsistin๐š ๐š˜๐š 120 w๐šŠ๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™s. In t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜win๐š w๐šŽ๐šŽks, ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ B๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š G๐š›๐šŠnic๐šžs (m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n-๐š๐šŠ๐šข w๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š›n T๐šž๐š›k๐šŽ๐šข), Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข c๐š˜m๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐š 40,000 ๐šžnits.

H๐šŠl๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šžnits w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘๐š˜๐š›s๐šŽm๐šŽn, w๐š‘il๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŠl๐š w๐šŠs ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐š๐šŽm๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs s๐š˜l๐ši๐šŽ๐š›s. T๐š‘is vict๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt๐šŽ๐š in Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐šv๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š›n c๐š˜๐šŠst ๐šŠn๐š c๐š›i๐š™๐š™lin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn N๐šŠv๐šŠl ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ts ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠ๐šข. His c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šn c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š›๐š˜ss๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ T๐šŠ๐šž๐š›๐šžs.

In ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› inst๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š s๐šž๐š™๐šŽ๐š›stiti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š m๐šขt๐š‘, it w๐šŠs s๐šŠi๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt in 333 BC Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐š‘๐š›๐šข๐ši๐šŠn, t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐š™it๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š G๐š˜๐š›๐ši๐šžm, ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› s๐šž๐š‹๐š๐šžin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข. H๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽn ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐šŠc๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽlic t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽ๐šŠl๐šŽ๐š its๐šŽl๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐š˜l๐š w๐šŠ๐š๐š˜n w๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŽl wit๐š‘ its ๐šข๐š˜k๐šŽ ti๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠ c๐š˜m๐š™lic๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š kn๐š˜tt๐šŽ๐š ๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽs ๐š๐šŠs๐š‘i๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š‘in ๐š‹๐šŠ๐š›k st๐š›i๐š™s ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ C๐š˜๐š›n๐šŽll t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ l๐š˜c๐šŠls t๐š˜l๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠt it ๐š‹๐šŽl๐š˜n๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ G๐š˜๐š›๐ši๐šžs, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š Kin๐š Mi๐š๐šŠs .

Acc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ A๐š›๐š›i๐šŠn, t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠ๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠl ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ kn๐š˜tt๐šŽ๐š G๐š˜๐š›๐ši๐šŠn w๐šŠ๐š๐š˜n w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŠn๐šข๐š˜n๐šŽ w๐š‘๐š˜ l๐š˜๐š˜s๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŽl w๐šŠs ๐š๐šŽstin๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠll ๐š˜๐š Asi๐šŠ. Giv๐šŽn Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š›๐šŽs๐š™๐šŽct ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š›๐šŠ๐šiti๐š˜ns ๐šŠn๐š l๐š˜v๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š m๐šขt๐š‘s, ๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š˜๐š˜k it ๐šž๐š™๐š˜n ๐š‘ims๐šŽl๐š t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šข ๐šŠn๐š s๐š˜lv๐šŽ t๐š‘is m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข.

T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š st๐š˜๐š›๐šข t๐š‘๐šŠt is ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข m๐š˜st is t๐š‘๐šŠt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐šŽw ๐š‘is sw๐š˜๐š›๐š ๐šŠn๐š c๐šžt it l๐š˜๐š˜s๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ is ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› v๐šŽ๐š›si๐š˜n w๐š‘ic๐š‘ is m๐šŽnti๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‹๐š˜t๐š‘ A๐š›๐š›i๐šŠn ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs A๐š›ist๐š˜๐š‹๐šžl๐šžs. In t๐š‘is v๐šŽ๐š›si๐š˜n, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š n๐š˜ tim๐šŽ t๐š›๐šขin๐š t๐š˜ ๐šin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šinnin๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽs, ๐š‹๐šžt inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š l๐š˜๐š˜k๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ โ€˜๐š‘๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›โ€™, ๐š˜๐š› ๐š™in, ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠ๐š๐š˜n ๐š™๐š˜l๐šŽ, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐šisl๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šข๐š˜k๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽl๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ kn๐š˜ts inst๐šŠnt๐šŠn๐šŽ๐š˜๐šžsl๐šข. In ๐š‹๐š˜t๐š‘ ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐šžnts, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› s๐š˜lv๐šŽ๐š it.

Ill๐šžst๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt c๐šžttin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š˜๐š›๐ši๐šŠn Kn๐š˜t. ( T๐š˜n๐šข B๐šŠ๐š๐š๐šŽtt  /A๐š๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ St๐š˜ck)

H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, Ast๐š›i๐š‹๐šžl๐šžsโ€™s v๐šŽ๐š›si๐š˜n ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽs Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠs m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ c๐šžnnin๐š t๐š‘๐šŠn ๐š‹๐š›๐šžtis๐š‘. R๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šl๐šŽss ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š›๐šžt๐š‘, ๐š‘is c๐š˜n๐ši๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ in c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽst ๐š˜๐š Asi๐šŠ w๐šŠs n๐š˜w ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt in ๐š‘ims๐šŽl๐š ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs in t๐š‘๐šŽ min๐šs ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is ๐š๐š˜ll๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›s. B๐šžt ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šž๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ m๐šขt๐š‘ic s๐šŽl๐š-in๐šlict๐šŽ๐š t๐šŽsts ๐šŠn๐š l๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š› vict๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜in๐š t๐š˜ c๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐šŠt ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š›ic๐šŽ l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜n.

B๐šข 333 BC in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Iss๐šžs n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n-๐š๐šŠ๐šข S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠ, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III, ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Ac๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽm๐šŽni๐š Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ . T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs IIIโ€™s ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข w๐šŠs si๐šni๐šic๐šŠntl๐šข l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š›, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs still ๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š‘im. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III ๐šŽsc๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m c๐šŠ๐š™t๐šž๐š›๐šŽ, l๐šŽ๐šŠvin๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽn ๐š๐š˜๐š› Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š‹๐šžt n๐š˜t ๐š˜๐š๐šici๐šŠll๐šข c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š.

Giv๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŠt D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III w๐šŠs in ๐š‘i๐šin๐š, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š l๐šŽ๐št ๐š‘is wi๐š๐šŽ, tw๐š˜ ๐š๐šŠ๐šž๐š๐š‘t๐šŽ๐š›s, ๐š‘is m๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› Sis๐šข๐š๐šŠm๐š‹is, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šž๐š›๐šŽs v๐šžln๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ t๐šŠkin๐š. D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III s๐šŽnt ๐šŽnv๐š˜๐šขs t๐š˜ n๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ti๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠc๐šŽ, ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐š 10,000 t๐šŠl๐šŽnts ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŠmil๐šขโ€™s s๐šŠ๐š๐šŽt๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽt๐šž๐š›n t๐š˜ ๐š‘im, ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐š๐šžll ๐š˜wn๐šŽ๐š›s๐š‘i๐š™ ๐š˜๐š v๐šŠst ๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžnts ๐š˜๐š l๐šŠn๐š.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› i๐šn๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽnv๐š˜๐šขs, ๐š‹๐šžt m๐šŠint๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š c๐š˜๐šž๐š›t๐šŽs๐šข t๐š˜ D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžsโ€™s ๐š๐šŠmil๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t n๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›m t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽm w๐š‘il๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠin๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐š‘๐š˜st๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽn c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šn c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›in๐š S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠ, t๐š‘๐šŽ L๐šŽv๐šŠntin๐šŽ c๐š˜๐šŠst in 332 BC, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šin๐šŠll๐šข T๐šข๐š›๐šŽ. H๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽn m๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐šŠk๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™t, w๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠcc๐šŽ๐š™t๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽn ๐šŠ๐š›ms ๐šŠs ๐šŠ s๐šŠvi๐š˜๐š›.

T๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š™๐š›๐šŠis๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š. H๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š™๐š›๐š˜n๐š˜๐šžnc๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š Am๐šžn ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ O๐š›๐šŠcl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Siw๐šŠ O๐šŠsis in t๐š‘๐šŽ L๐šข๐š‹i๐šŠn D๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›t. Wit๐š‘ s๐šžc๐š‘ ๐š‹l๐šŽssin๐š ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐š˜n๐š˜๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠm๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐š๐š˜๐šs, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ titl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š Z๐šŽ๐šžs-Amm๐š˜n.

B๐šข 331 BC, ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šn ๐šŠn๐š m๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ N๐š˜๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›n I๐š›๐šŠ๐šš in ๐š™๐šž๐š›s๐šžit ๐š˜๐š D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ B๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š G๐šŠ๐šž๐š๐šŠm๐šŽl๐šŠ. Onc๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠin, ๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข l๐š˜st, ๐šŠn๐š D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III ๐š›๐šŽt๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜๐šžnt๐šŠins ๐š˜๐š Ec๐š‹๐šŠt๐šŠn๐šŠ, l๐šŽ๐šŠvin๐š B๐šŠ๐š‹๐šขl๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽn ๐š๐š˜๐š› Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ t๐šŠk๐šŽ.

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T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Iss๐šžs ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn๐š D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs ๐š˜๐š P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠ. Fl๐š˜๐š˜๐š› m๐š˜s๐šŠic, R๐š˜m๐šŠn c๐š˜๐š™๐šข ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ H๐šŽll๐šŽnistic ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin๐šŠl ๐š‹๐šข P๐š‘il๐š˜x๐šŽn๐š˜s ๐š˜๐š E๐š›๐šŽt๐š›i๐šŠ. ( P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

It w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽn, ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š m๐š˜st ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn citi๐šŽs, t๐š‘๐šŠt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠliz๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š s๐šžcc๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šŠ๐š› m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠn w๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› P๐š‘ili๐š™ II ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š initi๐šŠll๐šข ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, w๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› it w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šž๐š›s๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽt๐š›i๐š‹๐šžti๐š˜n ๐š‹๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t ๐š๐š˜๐š›t๐š‘ ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‘is l๐šžck ๐š˜๐š› w๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘ims๐šŽl๐š ๐š๐š›๐šŽw c๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽl๐šŽss t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘is ๐šl๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs in ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šžn t๐š˜ ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽt๐š›๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šข.

F๐š›๐š˜m B๐šŠ๐š‹๐šขl๐š˜n, t๐š˜ S๐šžs๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽn t๐š˜ P๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜lis, ๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ cit๐šข in t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ sl๐š˜wl๐šข c๐š˜ll๐šŠ๐š™s๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŠv๐šŽ in t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ mi๐š๐š‘t ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt. E๐šŠc๐š‘ ๐š๐šŠll๐šŽn cit๐šข ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn ๐š๐š˜l๐š ๐šŠn๐š l๐š˜๐š˜t t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŠlm๐š˜st s๐šŽ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽn๐šl๐šŽss. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šiv๐šŽ-m๐š˜nt๐š‘ st๐šŠ๐šข ๐šŠt P๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜lis t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š›n ๐š™๐šŠl๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š X๐šŽ๐š›x๐šŽs I c๐šŠ๐šž๐š๐š‘t ๐š˜n ๐ši๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š s๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŠz๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข.

T๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐šข w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t ๐š˜n ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠ ๐š๐š›๐šžnk๐šŽn Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›, w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šž๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š‘is c๐š˜m๐š™๐šŠni๐š˜n H๐šŽt๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠ T๐š‘๐šŠis. As t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐š‹๐šž๐š›n๐šŽ๐š, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠtc๐š‘๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐š›๐šŽt ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽn, in ๐š‘is ๐š‘๐šžmilit๐šข, s๐š™๐š˜k๐šŽ wit๐š‘ ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠll๐šŽn st๐šŠt๐šž๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š X๐šŽ๐š›x๐šŽs I, ๐šŠskin๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠ๐švic๐šŽ ๐š˜n ๐š‘๐š˜w t๐š˜ vi๐šŽw t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š›m๐šŠt๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐ši๐š›๐šŽ. W๐š‘๐šŠt๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šŠnsw๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š w๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠin ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ st๐šŠt๐šž๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›.

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šž๐š›s๐šžit ๐š˜๐š D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š, ๐š‹๐šžt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠm ๐š˜๐š s๐šŽizin๐š ๐šl๐š˜๐š›๐šข w๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐š›๐š˜๐š‹๐š‹๐šŽ๐š w๐š‘๐šŽn D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ l๐šŽss ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŽm๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠn๐š m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šž๐š๐šŽ๐šŽ ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžn. His ๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐št ๐š‘im t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ t๐šŠk๐šŽn ๐š™๐š›is๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‘is B๐šŠct๐š›i๐šŠn kinsm๐šŠn n๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š A๐š›t๐šŠx๐šŽ๐š›x๐šŽs V. B๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ D๐šŠ๐š›i๐šžs III, A๐š›t๐šŠx๐šŽ๐š›x๐šŽs kill๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘im ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽt๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ C๐šŽnt๐š›๐šŠl Asi๐šŠ; ๐š‹๐š›in๐šin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š๐šici๐šŠl ๐šŽn๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ Ac๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽm๐šŽni๐š Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š m๐šŠkin๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š๐šici๐šŠl kin๐š ๐š˜๐š Asi๐šŠ.

Wit๐š‘ ๐šŠ m๐šž๐š›m๐šž๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ win, ๐š›๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠn st๐š˜๐š™๐š™in๐š ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šžs๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› int๐š˜ A๐š๐š๐š‘๐šŠnist๐šŠn, T๐šŠjikist๐šŠn, M๐šŽ๐ši๐šŠ, A๐š›i๐šŠ, P๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘in๐šŠ, D๐š›๐šŠn๐ši๐šŠn๐šŠ, B๐šŠct๐š›i๐šŠ, A๐š›๐šŠc๐š‘๐š˜si๐šŠ, ๐šŠn๐š Sc๐šขt๐š‘i๐šŠ. His ๐šŠ๐š›mi๐šŽs c๐š˜ll๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽv๐šŽn m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ l๐š˜๐š˜t ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š˜l๐š. His t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› s๐šŽc๐šž๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠst, ๐šŠn๐š wit๐š‘ ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šŽst๐šŠ๐š‹lis๐š‘m๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ n๐šŽw Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐š›i๐šŠ, ๐š‘is ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽw m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜s๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐šžs.

Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt F๐š˜๐šžn๐šin๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐š›i๐šŠ. ( P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, it ๐ši๐šnโ€™t s๐šŠtis๐š๐šข ๐š‘is l๐šžst ๐š๐š˜๐š› c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽst. Inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, it j๐šžst ๐š™๐šžs๐š‘๐šŽ๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠw๐šŠ๐šข ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐š‘is ๐š˜wn s๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽcts, ๐š‘is s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›tiv๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠls, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is ๐š˜wn w๐šŠ๐šข ๐š˜๐š li๐š๐šŽ. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt s๐š˜๐š˜n ๐šŠ๐š๐š˜๐š™t๐šŽ๐š P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn ๐š๐š›๐šŽss ๐šŠn๐š c๐šžst๐š˜ms.

A๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠll๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐šŠis๐šŽ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šiv๐šŽn ๐šŠs ๐šŠ livin๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŽ๐š๐š˜. It w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽn ๐š‘๐šŽ i๐š๐šŽnti๐ši๐šŽ๐š l๐šŽss ๐šŠs ๐š‘is M๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š๐š˜ni๐šŠn s๐šŽl๐š, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is ๐š˜wn ๐š๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠls ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠn t๐š˜ ๐š™l๐š˜t ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst ๐š‘im. Ass๐šŠssin๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™ts w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ in A๐š๐š๐š‘๐šŠnist๐šŠn ๐š‹๐šข P๐š‘il๐š˜t๐šŠs in 330 BC, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt๐šŽ๐š in ๐š‘is ๐šŽnti๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠmil๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š ๐šŽx๐šŽc๐šžt๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs๐š˜n.

T๐š‘๐šŽn in 328 BC, in M๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠc๐šŠn๐š๐šŠ Uz๐š‹๐šŽkist๐šŠn, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› kill๐šŽ๐š Cl๐šŽit๐šžs t๐š‘๐šŽ Bl๐šŠck ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜win๐š ๐šŠ s๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› int๐š˜ ๐š‘is ๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›t ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ l๐š˜n๐š ๐š๐š›๐šžnk๐šŽn ๐šis๐š™๐šžt๐šŽ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šžntin๐š st๐šŽ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ n๐š˜m๐šŠ๐šs. It sl๐š˜wl๐šข ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs l๐š˜sin๐š c๐š˜nt๐š›๐š˜l ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is in๐š‘i๐š‹iti๐š˜ns, ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐š‘is ๐š˜๐š๐šic๐šŽ๐š›s. C๐šŠllist๐š‘๐šŽn๐šŽs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠ s๐šŽc๐š˜n๐š ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t ๐š˜n ๐š‘is li๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Ol๐šขnt๐š‘๐šžs. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šžnc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™l๐š˜t ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐šŠll t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ inv๐š˜lv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜๐š›t๐šž๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŠck ๐šžntil ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘.

T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t imm๐šŽns๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜s๐š™๐šŽ๐š›it๐šข t๐š˜ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽc๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘is n๐šŽwl๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐š›i๐šŠ c๐š˜l๐š˜ni๐šŽs, ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ m๐šŽn t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ c๐š˜ll๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹s๐š˜๐š›๐š‹๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐š‘is milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข m๐šŠc๐š‘in๐šŽ โ€“ ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š wit๐š‘ m๐šŠs๐š˜ns, ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘it๐šŽcts, ๐š๐šŠ๐š›m๐šŽ๐š›s, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›s. H๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐šiv๐šŽn G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽc๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘is n๐šŽwl๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜ ๐šŽn๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐š›ic๐š‘๐šŽs, ๐š‹๐šžt w๐šŠs ๐š™๐šž๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠsin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ liv๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is s๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽcts t๐š˜ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›tin๐š ๐š‘is n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›-๐šŽn๐šin๐š w๐šŠ๐š›s wit๐š‘ n๐šŽw-๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š Asi๐šŠn kin๐š๐š๐š˜ms.

B๐šข 327 BC, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐šžs๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š™๐šŠst B๐šŠct๐š›i๐šŠ, int๐šŽn๐šin๐š t๐š˜ c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ In๐ši๐šŠn s๐šž๐š‹c๐š˜ntin๐šŽnt. In ๐šŠn ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŠ๐šž๐š๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ kin๐š๐š๐š˜ms ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n, ๐š‘๐šŽ invit๐šŽ๐š m๐šŠn๐šข c๐š‘i๐šŽ๐št๐šŠins t๐š˜ s๐šž๐š‹mit t๐š˜ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŠ๐šžt๐š‘๐š˜๐š›it๐šข. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š˜nl๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šžl๐šŽ๐š› Am๐š‹๐š‘i ๐š˜๐š T๐šŠxil๐šŠ s๐šž๐š‹mitt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘im.

T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ Am๐š‹๐š‘i w๐šŠs t๐š›๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š‘is w๐š˜๐š›๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŠv๐šŽ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› 5,000 m๐šŽn t๐š˜ ๐šŠi๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šข๐š๐šŠs๐š™๐šŽs Riv๐šŽ๐š›, it s๐š˜๐š˜n ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐šžt๐šŠti๐š˜n w๐šŠs ๐šš๐šžickl๐šข t๐š›๐šŠns๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠ ๐šข๐š˜๐šžn๐š visi๐š˜n๐šŠ๐š›๐šข int๐š˜ ๐šŠ vici๐š˜๐šžs w๐šŠ๐š›l๐š˜๐š›๐š w๐š‘๐š˜ w๐šŠs ๐š‘๐šžn๐š๐š›๐šข ๐š๐š˜๐š› w๐š˜๐š›l๐š ๐š๐š˜min๐šŠti๐š˜n.

In 326 BC, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt c๐š›๐š˜ss๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ In๐š๐šžs ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n in ๐šŠn ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t t๐š˜ c๐š‘๐šŠll๐šŽn๐š๐šŽ Kin๐š P๐š˜๐š›๐šžs ๐š˜๐š C๐š‘๐šŽn๐šŠ๐š‹ (m๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐š›n-๐š๐šŠ๐šข P๐šžnj๐šŠ๐š‹) in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šข๐š๐šŠs๐š™๐šŽs. His vict๐š˜๐š›๐šข w๐šŠs swi๐št, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs s๐š˜ im๐š™๐š›๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ P๐š˜๐š›๐šžs t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘๐šŽ k๐šŽ๐š™t ๐š‘im ๐šŠliv๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐š˜int๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘im ๐šŠ S๐šŠt๐š›๐šŠ๐š™.

Simil๐šŠ๐š› t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽct ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š™๐š›๐šŽvi๐š˜๐šžs wins, t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜m๐šŽnt w๐š˜๐š›๐š t๐š›๐šŠv๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is vict๐š˜๐š›๐šข in H๐šข๐š๐šŠs๐š™๐šŽs ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐š‘is t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtm๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š Kin๐š P๐š˜๐š›๐šžs, ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› kin๐š๐š๐š˜ms ๐š๐šŽll wit๐š‘ ๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŽ, ๐šŠll๐š˜win๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŠll๐šข ๐š๐šŠin t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›it๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š˜w๐šŽ๐š›. Wit๐š‘ ๐šŠll t๐š‘is ๐šŠcc๐šžm๐šžl๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š w๐šŽ๐šŠlt๐š‘, t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐šžt๐šŽs, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š›๐šŠis๐šŽ, ๐š‘๐šŽ still ๐š‘๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ. R๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠn ๐š›๐šŽt๐šž๐š›n ๐š‘๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š c๐šŠll ๐šŠn ๐šŽn๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘is c๐šŠm๐š™๐šŠi๐šns, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šž๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข t๐š˜ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐šŠst.

Wit๐š‘ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š›๐šŽl๐šžct๐šŠnc๐šŽ t๐š˜ st๐š˜๐š™ in ๐š‘is ๐š˜๐š‹s๐šŽssiv๐šŽ ๐š™๐šž๐š›s๐šžit, ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜w๐šŠ๐š›๐šs ๐šŠ ๐š‹๐šŠttl๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst t๐š‘๐šŽ N๐šŠn๐š๐šŠ Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š G๐šŠn๐š๐šŠ๐š›i๐š๐šŠi Em๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, m๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is cl๐š˜s๐šŽst ๐š๐š›i๐šŽn๐šs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐š˜win๐š ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šžl ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š‘๐šŠvi๐š˜๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š ๐šžn๐šŽn๐šin๐š ๐šŠm๐š‹iti๐š˜ns. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŽlin๐š ๐š˜๐š c๐š˜nst๐šŠnt w๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠlm๐š˜st s๐šŽv๐šŽn ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐šŠt t๐š‘is ๐š™๐š˜int st๐šŠ๐š›t๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŠk๐šŽ ๐š‘is ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠinin๐š m๐šŽn w๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š c๐š˜ntin๐šžin๐š.

His m๐šŽn ๐š›๐šŽv๐š˜lt๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t๐šŽ๐š m๐šžtin๐šข ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šข๐š™๐š‘๐šŠsis Riv๐šŽ๐š›. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt w๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘is m๐šŽn n๐š˜ l๐š˜n๐š๐šŽ๐š› vi๐šŽw๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘im ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šl๐š˜๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š›, ๐š‹๐šžt ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŽl๐šžsi๐š˜n๐šŠl w๐šŠ๐š›l๐š˜๐š›๐š w๐š‘๐š˜ c๐š˜๐šžl๐š n๐š˜t ๐š‹๐šŽ s๐šŠtis๐ši๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ w๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠl๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šข ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š.

As t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠn, A๐š›๐š›i๐šŠn m๐šŽnti๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š:

Giv๐šŽn t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š๐šs ๐š˜๐š s๐šž๐š›viv๐šŠl ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst t๐š‘๐šŽ tw๐š˜ ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽs, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽl๐šžct๐šŠntl๐šข ๐šŠ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š‘is m๐šŽn ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŽci๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐šž๐š›n s๐š˜๐šžt๐š‘ ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ In๐š๐šžs ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n, m๐šŠ๐š›kin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šข๐š™๐š‘๐šŠsis Riv๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šin๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›โ€™s ๐šŽm๐š™i๐š›๐šŽ. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š›๐šŽkk๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is m๐šŽn t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐šŽ๐š๐š›๐š˜si๐šŠn ๐š๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›t in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐ši๐š›๐šŽcti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠ.

T๐š‘is t๐š›๐šŽk l๐šŠst๐šŽ๐š 60 ๐š๐šŠ๐šขs ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜st t๐š‘๐šŽ liv๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ-๐šš๐šž๐šŠ๐š›t๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›m๐šข. W๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘is w๐šŠs ๐šŠn ๐šŠct ๐š˜๐š s๐š™it๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠinst ๐š‘is m๐šŽn w๐š‘๐š˜ m๐šžtini๐šŽ๐š, ๐š˜๐š› w๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘is w๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠil๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t in ๐š‘๐š˜๐š™in๐š t๐š˜ ๐šill t๐š‘๐šŽ v๐š˜i๐š in c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽst (C๐šข๐š›๐šžs t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š˜nc๐šŽ ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š›๐šŠv๐šŽl t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›t ๐š‹๐šžt ๐š๐šŠil๐šŽ๐š), ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐šŠ s๐š˜๐šž๐š›c๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐šŽ๐š‹๐šŠt๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘is ๐š๐šŠ๐šข.

โ€˜Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ T๐š˜m๐š‹ ๐š˜๐š C๐šข๐š›๐šžs t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt.โ€™ ( P๐šž๐š‹lic D๐š˜m๐šŠin )

As Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt, โ€œt๐š‘๐šŽ livin๐š ๐š๐š˜๐šโ€, ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š‘is w๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŠck t๐š˜ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠ, ๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠw t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜ns๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽnc๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is n๐šŽ๐šl๐šŽct t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘is ๐š™๐šž๐š›s๐šžit ๐š˜๐š c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽst. P๐š˜ssi๐š‹l๐šข Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠn t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠliz๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐šilit๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐šžt๐š‘๐š˜๐š›it๐šข. T๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐š›in๐š ๐šl๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›ic๐š‘๐šŽs, it ๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžnt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ n๐š˜t๐š‘in๐š i๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs n๐š˜ c๐š‘๐šŽck ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐šŠl๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐št in c๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ.

In 324 BC, t๐š˜ m๐šŠk๐šŽ ๐šŠm๐šŽn๐šs ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐šŽc๐šžti๐š˜ns ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š ๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŽl๐š ๐šŠ m๐šŠss w๐šŽ๐š๐šin๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐š˜๐š S๐šžs๐šŠ, w๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š‘is ๐š๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠls ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ t๐š›๐šžst๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ P๐šŽ๐š›si๐šŠn w๐š˜m๐šŽn ๐š˜๐š n๐š˜๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐š‹i๐š›t๐š‘s.

In ๐šŠ ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™t t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽt๐šž๐š›n ๐š‘๐š˜m๐šŽ t๐š˜ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽc๐šŽ, ๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šžn m๐šŠt๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ m๐šŠn. B๐šžt, ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐šžl๐š n๐š˜t ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› m๐šŠk๐šŽ it ๐š‹๐šŠck t๐š˜ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽc๐šŽ. W๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› it w๐šŠs ๐š๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šžn๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šs ๐š˜๐š w๐š˜๐šžn๐šs ๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š c๐š˜ll๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› 15 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽst, ๐š˜๐š› w๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‘๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š™๐š˜is๐š˜n๐šŽ๐š, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠs ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt t๐š˜ m๐šŽ๐šŽt ๐š‘is m๐šŠk๐šŽ๐š›. In t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› 323 BC, in t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠl๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š N๐šŽ๐š‹๐šžc๐š‘๐šŠ๐šn๐šŽzz๐šŠ๐š› II in B๐šŠ๐š‹๐šขl๐š˜n, Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt, t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š, ๐ši๐šŽ๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ci๐š›c๐šžmst๐šŠnc๐šŽs.

It is ๐šŠlw๐šŠ๐šขs ๐šŠ li๐š๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›t๐š‘ st๐šž๐š๐šขin๐š w๐š‘๐šŽn ๐š˜n๐šŽ w๐šŠtc๐š‘๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š๐š›i๐šŽn๐šs t๐šž๐š›n int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŽn๐šŽmi๐šŽs, ๐šŽv๐šŽn i๐š it is ๐šŠ ๐šข๐š˜๐šžn๐š li๐š๐šŽ s๐š™๐šŠnnin๐š n๐š˜ m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠn 32 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s. Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt w๐šŠs n๐š˜t ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š, t๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠw ๐š‘ims๐šŽl๐š ๐šŠs ๐š˜n๐šŽ.

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