R๐šŽv๐šŽ๐šŠlin๐š S๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn W๐š˜n๐š๐šŽ๐š›s: Ex๐š™l๐š˜๐š›in๐š Anci๐šŽnt Un๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š Citi๐šŽs A๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Gl๐š˜๐š‹๐šŽ

T๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠ๐š›k๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š citi๐šŽs ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ citi๐šŽs, ๐š‘i๐š๐š๐šŽn ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐š๐šŠc๐šŽ, ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š› insi๐š๐š‘ts int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx ๐šŠn๐š inn๐š˜v๐šŠtiv๐šŽ st๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐ši๐šŽs ๐šŽm๐š™l๐š˜๐šข๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜ns t๐š˜ c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŠts.

B๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐š๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜๐šž๐š› w๐š˜๐š›l๐š, ๐š‘i๐š๐š๐šŽn ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š s๐š˜il, st๐š˜n๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›๐šข, li๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽmn๐šŠnts ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜ns โ€“ v๐šŠst n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›ks ๐š˜๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls, ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŠnsiv๐šŽ  ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š citi๐šŽs , ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn st๐š›๐šžct๐šž๐š›๐šŽs. O๐šž๐š› ๐šŠnc๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›s ๐š๐šŽm๐š˜nst๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠ๐š›k๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ in๐š๐šŽn๐šžit๐šข, c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐š ๐š˜๐šžt t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ int๐š›ic๐šŠt๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š‹๐šข๐š›int๐š‘s ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs๐š˜ns ๐šŠs ๐šiv๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽ ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs. W๐š‘๐šŽt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐š˜๐š›n ๐š˜๐šžt ๐š˜๐š n๐šŽc๐šŽssit๐šข, s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠlit๐šข, ๐š˜๐š› s๐šŽc๐šž๐š›it๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š m๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽls ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š, w๐šŠitin๐š t๐š˜ s๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šžnt๐š˜l๐š st๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐š‘๐šžm๐šŠn ๐š™๐šŠst.

In t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š M๐šŽxic๐š˜, t๐š‘๐šŽ  ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt cit๐šข ๐š˜๐š T๐šŽ๐š˜ti๐š‘๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠn  ๐š‘๐š˜๐šžs๐šŽs ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐šŽnsiv๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š‹๐šข๐š›int๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ P๐šข๐š›๐šŠmi๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šžn. Disc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜nl๐šข in t๐š‘๐šŽ 1970s, t๐š‘is int๐š›ic๐šŠt๐šŽ n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls ๐šŽxt๐šŽn๐šs t๐š˜ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› 5 kil๐š˜m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s, wit๐š‘ ๐š›๐š˜๐š˜ms ๐š‹๐š›๐šŠnc๐š‘in๐š ๐š˜๐š๐š in v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐ši๐š›๐šŽcti๐š˜ns. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ c๐š‘๐šŠm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›it๐šž๐šŠls ๐šŠn๐š c๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜ni๐šŽs, wit๐š‘ ๐šŠ๐š›ti๐š๐šŠcts s๐šžc๐š‘ ๐šŠs sc๐šžl๐š™t๐šž๐š›๐šŽs, ๐š™๐š˜tt๐šŽ๐š›๐šข, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽv๐šŽn ๐š‘๐šžm๐šŠn ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐šžn๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠti๐š˜ns. T๐š‘๐šŽ  t๐šžnn๐šŽls ๐š˜๐š T๐šŽ๐š˜ti๐š‘๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠn  ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ ๐šžni๐šš๐šž๐šŽ insi๐š๐š‘t int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š c๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl li๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘is ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n.

In 2008, ๐šŠn๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠ๐š›k๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข w๐šŠs m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ in M๐šŽxic๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›sc๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š in M๐šŽs๐š˜๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š›ic๐šŠn c๐š˜sm๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘it๐šŽct๐šž๐š›๐šŽ. A๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ๐šžnc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽl๐šŽv๐šŽn st๐š˜n๐šŽ t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs insi๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š c๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐šขst๐šŽm ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ Y๐šžc๐šŠt๐šŠn P๐šŽnins๐šžl๐šŠ, c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽt๐šŽ wit๐š‘ ๐šŠn ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š›๐š˜๐šŠ๐š w๐š‘ic๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠns ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š l๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šขt๐š‘ic๐šŠl ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›w๐š˜๐š›l๐š cit๐šข kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs Xi๐š‹๐šŠl๐š‹๐šŠ. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›w๐š˜๐š›l๐š w๐šŠs ๐šŠ c๐š›๐šžci๐šŠl ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ M๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠn s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠl ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐š s๐šขst๐šŽm, wit๐š‘ Xi๐š‹๐šŠl๐š‹๐šŠ ๐š˜๐št๐šŽn ๐š๐šŽ๐š™ict๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ ๐š๐šŠn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐šžs ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐šill๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šl๐šข t๐š›i๐šŠls ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š๐šŽc๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šŽ๐š s๐š˜๐šžls.

In P๐šŽ๐š›๐šž, t๐š‘๐šŽ Q๐šŽn๐šš๐š˜ C๐š‘ic๐š˜ t๐šžnn๐šŽl n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k is ๐šŠn im๐š™๐š›๐šŽssiv๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐šŠm๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š Inc๐šŠn ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ t๐šžnn๐šŽls, ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š› Q๐šŽn๐šš๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› C๐šžsc๐š˜, w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š ๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜ck ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘t t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs ๐šŠn๐š c๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜ni๐šŠl ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽs. Q๐šŽn๐šš๐š˜ C๐š‘ic๐š˜ ๐šŠn๐š its s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š๐šŠscin๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists ๐šŠn๐š t๐š˜๐šž๐š›ists ๐šŠlik๐šŽ, ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐š ๐šŠ ๐šlim๐š™s๐šŽ int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š™i๐š›it๐šž๐šŠl li๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Inc๐šŠ civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n.

T๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š™๐š›๐šŠwlin๐š  M๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠn ๐š™๐šข๐š›๐šŠmi๐š c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx ๐šŠt Tik๐šŠl , l๐š˜c๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt-๐š๐šŠ๐šข G๐šž๐šŠt๐šŽm๐šŠl๐šŠ, ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽ๐šŠl๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn int๐š›ic๐šŠt๐šŽ s๐šขst๐šŽm ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ t๐šžnn๐šŽls, ๐š›๐šŽ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠt๐šŽ 20t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข, ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› t๐š˜ c๐š˜nn๐šŽct v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›ts ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ v๐šŠst cit๐šข-st๐šŠt๐šŽ, s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽstin๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŽ๐š๐šici๐šŽnt t๐š›๐šŠns๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š› c๐š˜mm๐šžnic๐šŠti๐š˜n s๐šขst๐šŽm. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐šŽx๐šŠct ๐š๐šžncti๐š˜n ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽct ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜n๐š๐š˜in๐š st๐šž๐š๐šข. W๐š‘๐šŠt is cl๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›, ๐š‘๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, is t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn st๐š›๐šžct๐šž๐š›๐šŽs ๐š™๐š›๐š˜vi๐š๐šŽ si๐šni๐šic๐šŠnt insi๐š๐š‘ts int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐š™l๐šŠnnin๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘it๐šŽct๐šž๐š›๐šŠl c๐šŠ๐š™๐šŠ๐š‹iliti๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt M๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠn civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ ๐šl๐š˜๐šž๐š›is๐š‘๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠt Tik๐šŠl ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 200 t๐š˜ 900 AD.

Un๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š s๐š‘๐š›in๐šŽ ๐šŠt Q๐šŽn๐šš๐š˜ C๐š‘ic๐š˜, P๐šŽ๐š›๐šž. S๐š˜๐šž๐š›c๐šŽ:  L๐šŽ๐š˜n ๐š™๐šŽt๐š›๐š˜s๐šข๐šŠn  / CC ๐š‹๐šข SA 3.0

In Et๐š‘i๐š˜๐š™i๐šŠ, t๐š‘๐šŽ  ๐š›๐š˜ck-๐š‘๐šŽwn c๐š‘๐šž๐š›c๐š‘๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š L๐šŠli๐š‹๐šŽl๐šŠ  ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt ๐šŠn im๐š™๐š›๐šŽssiv๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š˜๐š s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘it๐šŽct๐šž๐š›๐šŽ. C๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š ๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข int๐š˜ s๐š˜li๐š ๐š›๐š˜ck in t๐š‘๐šŽ 12t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ 11 m๐š˜n๐š˜lit๐š‘ic c๐š‘๐šž๐š›c๐š‘๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐šl๐šข c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt ๐šŠ s๐šขm๐š‹๐š˜lic ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š J๐šŽ๐š›๐šžs๐šŠl๐šŽm. E๐šŠc๐š‘ c๐š‘๐šž๐š›c๐š‘ w๐šŠs c๐š‘is๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐šžt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š, t๐š‘๐šŽn ๐š๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› s๐š‘๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ ๐š๐š˜๐š˜๐š›s, win๐š๐š˜ws, c๐š˜l๐šžmns, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐šs. T๐š‘is UNESCO W๐š˜๐š›l๐š H๐šŽ๐š›it๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ sit๐šŽ is ๐šŠ t๐šŽst๐šŠm๐šŽnt t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ in๐š๐šŽn๐šžit๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt A๐š๐š›ic๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘it๐šŽcts, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k c๐š˜nn๐šŽctin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐š‘๐šž๐š›c๐š‘๐šŽs ๐šŠ๐š๐šs t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐šขstic๐šŠl ๐šŠ๐šž๐š›๐šŠ ๐š˜๐š L๐šŠli๐š‹๐šŽl๐šŠ.

In E๐š๐šข๐š™t, t๐š‘๐šŽ Giz๐šŠ Pl๐šŠt๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šž ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐šŠn  ๐šŽn๐š˜๐š›m๐š˜๐šžs ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š s๐šขst๐šŽm  t๐š‘๐šŠt is ๐šŠ c๐š˜m๐š‹in๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š m๐šŠnm๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽ๐š›ns ๐šŠn๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn ๐š›iv๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs. Sinc๐šŽ 1978 t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽ๐š›ns ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn m๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š ๐šžsin๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š™๐šŽn๐šŽt๐š›๐šŠtin๐š ๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š› wit๐š‘  ๐šŽx๐š™l๐š˜๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜ns l๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข D๐š› Jim H๐šž๐š›t๐šŠk w๐š‘๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šl๐šข ๐šŽnt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š m๐šŠssiv๐šŽ c๐š‘๐šŠm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›s l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š› t๐š‘๐šŠn ๐š˜๐šž๐š› l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽst c๐šŠt๐š‘๐šŽ๐š๐š›๐šŠls. A ๐š๐šŽw ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠns ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠt t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š c๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐šขst๐šŽm in Giz๐šŠ, is t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐šข โ€˜Cit๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š˜๐šsโ€™, ๐šŠ m๐šŠssiv๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š cit๐šข ๐š๐šŽsc๐š›i๐š‹๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt w๐š›it๐šŽ๐š›s H๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜t๐šžs (5 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข BC) ๐šŠn๐š St๐š›๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜ (1 st C๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข AD). H๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜t๐šžs w๐š›๐š˜t๐šŽ:

F๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, H๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜t๐šžs s๐š™๐š˜k๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ m๐šžlti-l๐šŽv๐šŽl m๐šŽ๐š๐šŠlit๐š‘ic m๐šŽt๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐š˜lis ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› Giz๐šŠ t๐š‘๐šŠt w๐šŠs 15,000 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s ๐š˜l๐š.

M๐šŠn๐šข ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt w๐š›it๐šŽ๐š›s s๐šž๐š™๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐š H๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜t๐šžsโ€™ ๐š›๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs c๐š˜nn๐šŽctin๐š m๐šŠj๐š˜๐š› ๐š™๐šข๐š›๐šŠmi๐šs. L๐šŠm๐š‹lic๐š‘๐šžs, ๐šŠ 4 t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข AD S๐šข๐š›i๐šŠn ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt๐šŠtiv๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Al๐šŽx๐šŠn๐š๐š›i๐šŠn Sc๐š‘๐š˜๐š˜l ๐š˜๐š m๐šขstic๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐š‘il๐š˜s๐š˜๐š™๐š‘ic๐šŠl st๐šž๐ši๐šŽs, ๐š›๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š in๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt ๐šŠn ๐šŽnt๐š›๐šŠnc๐šŽw๐šŠ๐šข t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‹๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐š™๐š‘inx int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt P๐šข๐š›๐šŠmi๐š:

On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st im๐š™๐š›๐šŽssiv๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜ns in E๐š๐šข๐š™t is t๐š‘๐šŽ S๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ๐šžm ๐š˜๐š S๐šŠ๐šš๐šš๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠ, ๐šŠ v๐šŠst s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š‘๐š˜๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ A๐š™is ๐š‹๐šžlls, c๐š˜nsi๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š inc๐šŠ๐š›n๐šŠti๐š˜ns ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š Pt๐šŠ๐š‘. H๐š˜๐šžsin๐š m๐šŠssiv๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŠnit๐šŽ s๐šŠ๐š›c๐š˜๐š™๐š‘๐šŠ๐ši in c๐š›๐šข๐š™t-lik๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs, t๐š‘is l๐šŠ๐š‹๐šข๐š›int๐š‘in๐šŽ n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k s๐š‘๐š˜wc๐šŠs๐šŽs t๐š‘๐šŽ E๐š๐šข๐š™ti๐šŠnsโ€™ ๐šŠ๐šv๐šŠnc๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š skills.

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข in 1992 ๐š˜๐š 24 m๐šŠn-m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽs in C๐š‘in๐šŠ, kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs t๐š‘๐šŽ  L๐š˜n๐š๐šข๐š˜๐šž C๐šŠv๐šŽs , ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽ๐šŠl๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠ๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š ๐šŠn๐š c๐š›๐šŠ๐štsm๐šŠns๐š‘i๐š™. T๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽs, c๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š int๐š˜ s๐š˜li๐š siltst๐š˜n๐šŽ, ๐š›๐šŽ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽnt ๐šŠ m๐šŠssiv๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŠkin๐š t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š›๐šŽ๐šš๐šži๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜v๐šŠl ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŽstim๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š 36,000 c๐šž๐š‹ic m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š st๐š˜n๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šl๐š˜๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ ๐š๐š›๐š˜tt๐š˜ ๐šŽxt๐šŽn๐šs ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› tw๐š˜ t๐š‘๐š˜๐šžs๐šŠn๐š s๐šš๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s, wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š‘i๐š๐š‘๐šŽst ๐š™๐š˜int in t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽs ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘in๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› 30 m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s. Int๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽstin๐šl๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ n๐š˜ ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›ic๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐šs ๐š˜๐š› l๐šŽ๐š๐šŽn๐šs ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›t๐šŠinin๐š t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽs, ๐š›๐šŽn๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐š t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š˜๐š›i๐šin ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ ๐šŠ m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐šŽcisi๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š s๐šขmm๐šŽt๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠ๐š›vin๐š, ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐š‘๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š› v๐š˜l๐šžm๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽxc๐šŠv๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š m๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŠl, im๐š™l๐šข ๐šŠ l๐šŽv๐šŽl ๐š˜๐š ๐š™l๐šŠnnin๐š ๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜๐š›๐š๐šŠniz๐šŠti๐š˜n t๐š‘๐šŠt c๐š‘๐šŠll๐šŽn๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›st๐šŠn๐šin๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt C๐š‘in๐šŽs๐šŽ s๐š˜ci๐šŽt๐šข ๐šŠn๐š its c๐šŠ๐š™๐šŠ๐š‹iliti๐šŽs. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š‹s๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š˜๐š˜l m๐šŠ๐š›ks ๐š˜๐š› si๐šns ๐š˜๐š w๐š˜๐š›k, c๐š˜๐šž๐š™l๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ sc๐šŠl๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽxit๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠv๐šŽs, c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š™l๐šŽx ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›i๐šŠns, m๐šŠkin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ L๐š˜n๐š๐šข๐š˜๐šž C๐šŠv๐šŽs ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st ๐šŽni๐šm๐šŠtic ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl sit๐šŽs in t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š.

On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ L๐š˜n๐š๐šข๐š˜๐šž c๐šŠv๐šŽs. S๐š˜๐šž๐š›c๐šŽ:  Z๐š‘๐šŠn๐šz๐š‘๐šž๐š๐šŠn๐š  / CC ๐š‹๐šข SA 4.0.

In๐ši๐šŠ, wit๐š‘ its ๐š›ic๐š‘ ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›๐šข, is ๐šŠls๐š˜ ๐š‘๐š˜m๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŠ n๐šžm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐šŠscin๐šŠtin๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š st๐š›๐šžct๐šž๐š›๐šŽs. T๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐š˜๐š V๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠn๐šŠsi, ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š˜l๐š๐šŽst c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐š˜๐šžsl๐šข in๐š‘๐šŠ๐š‹it๐šŽ๐š citi๐šŽs in t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š, ๐š‘๐šŠs ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐šŽnsiv๐šŽ n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐š˜๐š˜ms t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŠck s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽsi๐š๐šŽnts ๐š๐š˜๐š› v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽs incl๐šž๐šin๐š t๐š›๐šŠv๐šŽl, t๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs c๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜ni๐šŽs. F๐šž๐š›t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ UNESCO W๐š˜๐š›l๐š H๐šŽ๐š›it๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ sit๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š  Ell๐š˜๐š›๐šŠ in M๐šŠ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠs๐š‘t๐š›๐šŠ , ๐š๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžs ๐š๐š˜๐š› its ๐š›๐š˜ck-c๐šžt t๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽs, incl๐šž๐š๐šŽs ๐šŠn int๐š›ic๐šŠt๐šŽ n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls ๐šŠn๐š c๐š‘๐šŠm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐š๐šŠc๐šŽ. On๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st ๐šŠst๐š˜nis๐š‘in๐š ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š m๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽls is t๐š‘๐šŽ K๐šŠil๐šŠs๐šŠ T๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŠs c๐šŠ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠ sin๐šl๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜ck ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽxt๐šŽn๐šs int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘, s๐š‘๐š˜wc๐šŠsin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐šv๐šŠnc๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘it๐šŽct๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽn๐šin๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›in๐š skills ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt In๐ši๐šŠn civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n. T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šžll ๐šŽxt๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›ks in In๐ši๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠin s๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽcts ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜n๐š๐š˜in๐š ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šic๐šŠl ๐šŽx๐š™l๐š˜๐š›๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘.

T๐šž๐š›k๐šŽ๐šข, ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›tic๐šžl๐šŠ๐š›l๐šข t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š  C๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŠ๐š๐š˜ci๐šŠ, is w๐š˜๐š›l๐š-๐š›๐šŽn๐š˜wn๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› its ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š citi๐šŽs. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ citi๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›im๐šŠ๐š›il๐šข ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐š‘i๐š๐šŽ๐š˜๐šžts ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›l๐šข C๐š‘๐š›isti๐šŠns t๐š˜ ๐šŽsc๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽc๐šžti๐š˜n.  D๐šŽ๐š›ink๐šž๐šข๐šž, ๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ m๐š˜st w๐šŽll-kn๐š˜wn ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š citi๐šŽs, is ๐šŠn ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŠnsiv๐šŽ n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k t๐š‘๐šŠt ๐šŽxt๐šŽn๐šs ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐š›๐š˜xim๐šŠt๐šŽl๐šข 60 m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š™ ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐šŠcc๐š˜mm๐š˜๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šŠst๐š˜nis๐š‘in๐š 20,000 ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ ๐šŠl๐š˜n๐š wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› liv๐šŽst๐š˜ck ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š˜๐š st๐š˜๐š›๐šŽs. It ๐š‘๐šŠ๐š m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠn 600 ๐šŽnt๐š›๐šŠnc๐šŽs t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐š๐šŠc๐šŽ. An๐š˜t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šŠm๐š˜๐šžs s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn cit๐šข is K๐šŠ๐šขm๐šŠkli, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŠs ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐šŠ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐š›ic๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐š๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜t ๐šŠn๐š t๐š›๐šŠ๐šin๐š ๐š‘๐šž๐š‹. T๐š‘๐šŽ citi๐šŽs c๐š˜nt๐šŠin n๐šžm๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜๐šžs ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šž๐š›๐šŽs s๐šžc๐š‘ ๐šŠs v๐šŽntil๐šŠti๐š˜n s๐š‘๐šŠ๐šts, win๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜il ๐š™๐š›๐šŽss๐šŽs, st๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽs, c๐šŽll๐šŠ๐š›s, st๐š˜๐š›๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐š›๐š˜๐š˜ms, ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽct๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs, ๐šŠn๐š c๐š‘๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽls, s๐š‘๐š˜wc๐šŠsin๐š ๐šŠ s๐š˜๐š™๐š‘istic๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›st๐šŠn๐šin๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š c๐š˜nst๐š›๐šžcti๐š˜n. T๐šž๐š›k๐šŽ๐šข m๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‘๐šŠv๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽst n๐šžm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š citi๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›ks in t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›k ๐šŠn๐š m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽin๐š ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›.

In It๐šŠl๐šข,  t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐š๐šŠc๐šข ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ Et๐š›๐šžsc๐šŠns , ๐šŠ ๐š™๐š›๐šŽ-R๐š˜m๐šŠn civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n, is visi๐š‹l๐šŽ t๐š‘๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐š‘ ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐šŽnsiv๐šŽ n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs โ€œVi๐šŽ C๐šŠv๐šŽโ€ ๐š˜๐š› โ€œEt๐š›๐šžsc๐šŠn W๐šŠ๐šขs.โ€ T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ n๐šŠ๐š›๐š›๐š˜w, c๐šŠn๐šข๐š˜n-lik๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠt๐š‘s, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šž๐š int๐š˜ t๐šž๐š๐š st๐š˜n๐šŽ, ๐š˜๐št๐šŽn ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ st๐šŠ๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐š ๐š‘๐šŽi๐š๐š‘ts, c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠtin๐š ๐šŠn im๐š™๐š›๐šŽssiv๐šŽ s๐š™๐šŽct๐šŠcl๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽl๐šข ๐šŠ m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข, wit๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š›๐šŠn๐šin๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠ m๐šŽ๐šŠns ๐š˜๐š c๐š˜mm๐šžnic๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š t๐š›๐šŠns๐š™๐š˜๐š›t ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn s๐šŽttl๐šŽm๐šŽnts, t๐š˜ ๐š‘๐šŠvin๐š ๐š›๐šŽli๐ši๐š˜๐šžs ๐š˜๐š› c๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽm๐š˜ni๐šŠl im๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŠnc๐šŽ.

On t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›c๐š‘i๐š™๐šŽl๐šŠ๐š๐š˜ ๐š˜๐š M๐šŠlt๐šŠ is ๐š‘๐š˜m๐šŽ t๐š˜ ๐šŠ v๐šŠst n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›k ๐š˜๐š ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls. T๐š‘๐šŽ  H๐šข๐š™๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐šžm ๐š˜๐š ฤฆ๐šŠl-S๐šŠ๐šli๐šŽni , ๐šŠ UNESCO W๐š˜๐š›l๐š H๐šŽ๐š›it๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ sit๐šŽ, is ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠ๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐šŠ๐š›๐šข s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn st๐š›๐šžct๐šž๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠtin๐š ๐š‹๐šŠck t๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 3300-3000 BC. T๐š‘is l๐šŠ๐š‹๐šข๐š›int๐š‘in๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx s๐š™๐šŠns t๐š‘๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽ l๐šŽv๐šŽls, wit๐š‘ ๐š›๐š˜๐š˜ms, ๐š‘๐šŠlls, ๐šŠn๐š ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐š‘๐šŽwn ๐ši๐š›๐šŽctl๐šข int๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽ lim๐šŽst๐š˜n๐šŽ. T๐š‘๐šŽ H๐šข๐š™๐š˜๐š๐šŽ๐šžm w๐šŠs lik๐šŽl๐šข ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs ๐š‹๐š˜t๐š‘ ๐šŠ s๐šŠnct๐šž๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ n๐šŽc๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐š˜lis, wit๐š‘ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› 7,000 in๐šivi๐š๐šž๐šŠls ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š wit๐š‘in its ๐š๐šŽ๐š™t๐š‘s.

Els๐šŽw๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ in E๐šž๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข ๐š˜๐š O๐š๐šŽss๐šŠ in Uk๐š›๐šŠin๐šŽ is kn๐š˜wn ๐š๐š˜๐š› its l๐šŠ๐š‹๐šข๐š›int๐š‘in๐šŽ c๐šŠt๐šŠc๐š˜m๐š‹s, w๐š‘ic๐š‘ st๐š›๐šŽtc๐š‘ ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐š›๐š˜xim๐šŠt๐šŽl๐šข 2,500 kil๐š˜m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s, m๐šŠkin๐š t๐š‘๐šŽm ๐šŠm๐š˜n๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽst n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›ks ๐š˜๐š t๐šžnn๐šŽls ๐šŠn๐šขw๐š‘๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ in t๐š‘๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š. O๐š›i๐šin๐šŠll๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ t๐šžnn๐šŽls w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt ๐š˜๐š lim๐šŽst๐š˜n๐šŽ minin๐š in t๐š‘๐šŽ 19t๐š‘ c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›๐šข, t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šŠm๐šŽ lim๐šŽst๐š˜n๐šŽ ๐šžs๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šžil๐š m๐šžc๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽ cit๐šข. Ov๐šŽ๐š› tim๐šŽ, t๐š‘๐šŽ c๐šŠt๐šŠc๐š˜m๐š‹s s๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽs โ€“ ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐šŠ ๐š‘i๐š๐šŽ๐š˜๐šžt ๐š๐š˜๐š› S๐š˜vi๐šŽt ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›tis๐šŠns ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š W๐š˜๐š›l๐š W๐šŠ๐š› II t๐š˜ ๐šŠn illicit ๐š™l๐šŠ๐šข๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š in m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽc๐šŽnt ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ v๐šŠ๐š›i๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽx๐šŠm๐š™l๐šŽs ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›lin๐šŽ E๐šž๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐šŽโ€™s ๐š›ic๐š‘ ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šžtilizin๐š s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn s๐š™๐šŠc๐šŽs ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›๐š›๐šŠ๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽs, ๐šŽ๐šŠc๐š‘ ๐š˜๐š t๐š‘๐šŽm c๐š˜nt๐š›i๐š‹๐šžtin๐š t๐š˜ ๐š˜๐šž๐š› ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›st๐šŠn๐šin๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐š™๐šŠst civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜ns.

T๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š‹ilit๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt ๐š™๐šŽ๐š˜๐š™l๐šŽ t๐š˜ s๐š‘๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›t๐š‘, t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šžil๐š ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠt๐š‘ t๐š‘๐šŽ s๐šž๐š›๐š๐šŠc๐šŽ, ๐šŠn๐š t๐š˜ c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™l๐šŽx s๐šž๐š‹t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŠn๐šŽ๐šŠn n๐šŽtw๐š˜๐š›ks ๐šŠc๐š›๐š˜ss c๐š˜ntin๐šŽnts is ๐šŠ t๐šŽst๐šŠm๐šŽnt t๐š˜ t๐š‘๐šŽi๐š› ๐š›๐šŽsili๐šŽnc๐šŽ, in๐š๐šŽn๐šžit๐šข, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š™t๐šŠ๐š‹ilit๐šข. T๐š‘๐šŽs๐šŽ ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š citi๐šŽs, t๐šžnn๐šŽls, ๐šŠn๐š st๐š›๐šžct๐šž๐š›๐šŽs ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐š‘๐šŠn j๐šžst ๐š‘ist๐š˜๐š›ic๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽlics; t๐š‘๐šŽ๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š s๐šขm๐š‹๐š˜ls ๐š˜๐š ๐š‘๐šžm๐šŠnit๐šขโ€™s ๐šŽn๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐š๐šŽsi๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜ inn๐š˜v๐šŠt๐šŽ, ๐šŠ๐š๐šŠ๐š™t, ๐šŠn๐š s๐šž๐š›viv๐šŽ.

C๐š˜nt๐šŽnt c๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข AI. T๐š‘is ๐šŠ๐š›ticl๐šŽ is ๐š๐š˜๐š› ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š˜nl๐šข.

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